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摘要: 高中英语阅读教学中,预制语块教学受到了广大英语教师的高度关注, 预制语块有重要的信息组织功能,组织话语结构,连接信息,预示上下文意义等,这在加快阅读速度,更好地理解文章和把握话语结构方面的作用是很明显,对提高学生对语篇阅读的流畅性、语篇理解的整体性有着重要的意义,预制语块理论为解决目前许多高中学生面临的阅读问题提供了一个可行的方法。
关键词;预制语块 高中英语 阅读能力
一,当前高中英语阅读教学存在的问题
当前高中英语阅读教学中,大多是以教师为中心的传统教学模式,在英语阅读理解教学中依然沿袭传统的翻译教学法进行教学,通过逐字逐句逐行翻译来理解文章,认为学生只要逐词逐句弄懂文字,就能理解全篇文章的意义。不少学生把整篇文章从头到尾翻译,学生将句子孤立看待,忽视了它们彼此间的联系,从而忽略了词、句在上下文中的作用,不能够把握整篇文章的主旨大意、文章的线索及作者的写作意图、观点、态度,导致学生的英语阅读能力下降。
二,预制语块的定义、分类
(一)、预制语块的定义
“预制语块”的概念最早是由Becker (1975) 和Bolinger(1976) 于上个世纪70 年代中期率先提出的。通常是一种固定或半固定、模式化了的块状结构。这种结构兼具词汇和语法的特征,通常多个词组成,集功能与形式为一体。
(二)、预制语块的分类
预制语块的分类,学者们各执己见,英语阅读理解中,主要是语篇连接语块,语篇语块可以帮助学生猜测语块的意义、理解作者态度,观点及全篇文章的主旨大意,学生对语篇语块了解的越多,就越可以更好地理解文章的结构和要表达的内容。
这里我把英语阅读理解中常出现的语篇连接语块总结如下:
(1)暗示作者的态度、观点、意图的语块,例如certainly,similarly, however,in fact,in any case,therefore,frankly,I think ,I believe, above all, most of all, most important of all, certainly, no doubt, actually, in fact,等语块表明作者要强调自己的观点、态度、意图。
例. We find that our students don’t read and look down upon reading and even scold those of us who teach it. All they want to do is watch TV. Therefore, I have reached a conclusion: “Let them watch it!” If television is much more attractive to children than books, why should we fight it? Let them watch all they want!
What do you think is the author’s attitude towards TV?
A. Curious. B. Worried. C. Unfavorable. D. Favorable.
分析:从语块therefore 引出的句子I have reached a conclusion: “Let them watch it!”, 可知作者的态度是Unfavorable,故应选C。
(2)表示对比、转折关系的语块,如:unlike, however, despite, in spite of, in contrast,while , otherwise, instead (of), on the other hand, on the contrary, 等表示下文与上文相反的意义。
例(05·全国ⅡD篇) You might think that “global warming” means nothing more than a rise in the world’s temperature But rising sea levels caused by it have resulted in the first evacuation(撤离)of an island nation—the citizens of Tuvalu will have to leave their homeland.
The text is mainly about ________. .
A.rapid changes in earth’s temperature B.bad effects of global warming
C.moving of a country to a new place D.reasons for lowland flooding
分析:從语块but引起的句子可知故答案是B
(3) 表示因果关系的语块如 :as, since, for, because, because of, for this reason, on account of, due to, owing to, as a result, therefore, thus,等,在阅读过程中,学生如看到上述语块,可对文章进行由因及果的推理判断。
例,(2005年上海卷)I feel that since you are my superior , it would be presumptuous of me to tell you what to do .” The word “presumptuous” in the middle of the passage is closest in meaning to “__” .
A.full of respect B.too confident and rude
C.lacking in experience D.too shy and quiet
分析:根据since 引导的原因状语从句的内容,我们可以推断这里presumptuous的意思是:“冒失的,放肆的”意思,对应的理解题答案为:B。
(4),表示例证的语块,如:like, such as, for example, for instance, consist of 等, 在阅读过程中,如果学生看到上述语块,便可知道作者举例说明自己的观点、看法。
例 :In your spare time, you may look through any of these periodicals, such as: Time Magazine, New Week, or The New Worker.
分析:根据such as 其后所列举的例子,我们可以推测出periodicals的意思是“期刊”或“杂志”。
(5)表示重述的语块如:in other words, that is to say, that is, meaning, besides, furthermore, such…as , 等。学生在阅读的过程中如遇到这类语块时,说明后面是对前面作进一步的阐述或解释。
例如:It will be very hard but also very brittle, that is, it will break easily.
分析:从句中的that is表明it will break easily是对brittle的解释,从而可知其意义是“脆”。
(6),表示总结性的语块,如:in a word, in short, after all, generally speaking, to sum up, finally, in conclusion, in summary,等表示后面的句子是对上文的归纳、总结、结论。
例如: Finally,a fridge filled with nothing more than a bottle of white wine and some sparkling mineral water implies an owner who is single,lives in a big city and enjoys the finer things in life.
What might be the most suitable title for the text?
A.Keep your fridge a secret B.You are what’s in your fridge
C.What to put in the fridge? D.Be careful about your fridge
分析:这是考查学生主旨大意题。题目的选择具有高度的概括性、从最后由finally引起的句子判断B项正确。
三、语块对高中英语阅读教学的启示。
1,把预制语块作为教学内容,在英语教学中促成学生的语块的积累。
俗语说:“厚积薄发”,英语教师不仅要在课文语篇教学中还要帮助学生识别、总结、归纳预制语块。还要帮助学生总结历年高考阅读理解中出现的语篇连接语块。
2,加強对预制语块的熟练运用。
在英语阅读教学训练中,英语教师应指导学生通过大脑中的已获得的语块应用英语阅读教学中去,如考题中考查到作者的观点、态度、意图时,让学生联想到相关的语块,那么解决这方面的考题就得心应手了。
总之,我们要掌握英语阅读方面的常见语块,语块常常暗示了作者的观点、看法、态度,有助于读懂作者字里行间所隐含的意义,正确推论作者的真正意图、观点、态度,理解文章的主题大意,对文章中生词的意义能正确理解,扫除学生阅读中的不少障碍,从而提高学生的阅读效率。
关键词;预制语块 高中英语 阅读能力
一,当前高中英语阅读教学存在的问题
当前高中英语阅读教学中,大多是以教师为中心的传统教学模式,在英语阅读理解教学中依然沿袭传统的翻译教学法进行教学,通过逐字逐句逐行翻译来理解文章,认为学生只要逐词逐句弄懂文字,就能理解全篇文章的意义。不少学生把整篇文章从头到尾翻译,学生将句子孤立看待,忽视了它们彼此间的联系,从而忽略了词、句在上下文中的作用,不能够把握整篇文章的主旨大意、文章的线索及作者的写作意图、观点、态度,导致学生的英语阅读能力下降。
二,预制语块的定义、分类
(一)、预制语块的定义
“预制语块”的概念最早是由Becker (1975) 和Bolinger(1976) 于上个世纪70 年代中期率先提出的。通常是一种固定或半固定、模式化了的块状结构。这种结构兼具词汇和语法的特征,通常多个词组成,集功能与形式为一体。
(二)、预制语块的分类
预制语块的分类,学者们各执己见,英语阅读理解中,主要是语篇连接语块,语篇语块可以帮助学生猜测语块的意义、理解作者态度,观点及全篇文章的主旨大意,学生对语篇语块了解的越多,就越可以更好地理解文章的结构和要表达的内容。
这里我把英语阅读理解中常出现的语篇连接语块总结如下:
(1)暗示作者的态度、观点、意图的语块,例如certainly,similarly, however,in fact,in any case,therefore,frankly,I think ,I believe, above all, most of all, most important of all, certainly, no doubt, actually, in fact,等语块表明作者要强调自己的观点、态度、意图。
例. We find that our students don’t read and look down upon reading and even scold those of us who teach it. All they want to do is watch TV. Therefore, I have reached a conclusion: “Let them watch it!” If television is much more attractive to children than books, why should we fight it? Let them watch all they want!
What do you think is the author’s attitude towards TV?
A. Curious. B. Worried. C. Unfavorable. D. Favorable.
分析:从语块therefore 引出的句子I have reached a conclusion: “Let them watch it!”, 可知作者的态度是Unfavorable,故应选C。
(2)表示对比、转折关系的语块,如:unlike, however, despite, in spite of, in contrast,while , otherwise, instead (of), on the other hand, on the contrary, 等表示下文与上文相反的意义。
例(05·全国ⅡD篇) You might think that “global warming” means nothing more than a rise in the world’s temperature But rising sea levels caused by it have resulted in the first evacuation(撤离)of an island nation—the citizens of Tuvalu will have to leave their homeland.
The text is mainly about ________. .
A.rapid changes in earth’s temperature B.bad effects of global warming
C.moving of a country to a new place D.reasons for lowland flooding
分析:從语块but引起的句子可知故答案是B
(3) 表示因果关系的语块如 :as, since, for, because, because of, for this reason, on account of, due to, owing to, as a result, therefore, thus,等,在阅读过程中,学生如看到上述语块,可对文章进行由因及果的推理判断。
例,(2005年上海卷)I feel that since you are my superior , it would be presumptuous of me to tell you what to do .” The word “presumptuous” in the middle of the passage is closest in meaning to “__” .
A.full of respect B.too confident and rude
C.lacking in experience D.too shy and quiet
分析:根据since 引导的原因状语从句的内容,我们可以推断这里presumptuous的意思是:“冒失的,放肆的”意思,对应的理解题答案为:B。
(4),表示例证的语块,如:like, such as, for example, for instance, consist of 等, 在阅读过程中,如果学生看到上述语块,便可知道作者举例说明自己的观点、看法。
例 :In your spare time, you may look through any of these periodicals, such as: Time Magazine, New Week, or The New Worker.
分析:根据such as 其后所列举的例子,我们可以推测出periodicals的意思是“期刊”或“杂志”。
(5)表示重述的语块如:in other words, that is to say, that is, meaning, besides, furthermore, such…as , 等。学生在阅读的过程中如遇到这类语块时,说明后面是对前面作进一步的阐述或解释。
例如:It will be very hard but also very brittle, that is, it will break easily.
分析:从句中的that is表明it will break easily是对brittle的解释,从而可知其意义是“脆”。
(6),表示总结性的语块,如:in a word, in short, after all, generally speaking, to sum up, finally, in conclusion, in summary,等表示后面的句子是对上文的归纳、总结、结论。
例如: Finally,a fridge filled with nothing more than a bottle of white wine and some sparkling mineral water implies an owner who is single,lives in a big city and enjoys the finer things in life.
What might be the most suitable title for the text?
A.Keep your fridge a secret B.You are what’s in your fridge
C.What to put in the fridge? D.Be careful about your fridge
分析:这是考查学生主旨大意题。题目的选择具有高度的概括性、从最后由finally引起的句子判断B项正确。
三、语块对高中英语阅读教学的启示。
1,把预制语块作为教学内容,在英语教学中促成学生的语块的积累。
俗语说:“厚积薄发”,英语教师不仅要在课文语篇教学中还要帮助学生识别、总结、归纳预制语块。还要帮助学生总结历年高考阅读理解中出现的语篇连接语块。
2,加強对预制语块的熟练运用。
在英语阅读教学训练中,英语教师应指导学生通过大脑中的已获得的语块应用英语阅读教学中去,如考题中考查到作者的观点、态度、意图时,让学生联想到相关的语块,那么解决这方面的考题就得心应手了。
总之,我们要掌握英语阅读方面的常见语块,语块常常暗示了作者的观点、看法、态度,有助于读懂作者字里行间所隐含的意义,正确推论作者的真正意图、观点、态度,理解文章的主题大意,对文章中生词的意义能正确理解,扫除学生阅读中的不少障碍,从而提高学生的阅读效率。