关于比较法的对象这里只提出存在的问题。至于进一步阐明,另有专章论述。 (一)首先要提出的一个问题是,将比较法的对象确定为一个还是数个?由此,就可以将比较法分为个别性比较法与综合性比较法。一般地说,当然是综合性比较法更能够导出更为客观的结论。但也并非在任何情形之下都非采用综合性比较不可,有时也不妨以一国之比较为充足。并且,采用个别性比较法往往更具有切实可行之长处。 其次要提出的一个问题是:比较法的对象是限于当代现行法还是包括过去的“先法、旧法”?最近以来,在比较法学界,要把“对过去的法的比较”从比较法中予以排除的倾向强。然而,从这一现象也不见得就能推引出“对过去的法的研究在比较法中并不重要”的结论。(埃尔伯在《比较法学之对象》一书中特别强调法制史也可以成为比较之对象。) 如果我们将比较法的对象仅限于当代现行法,那么,由此进一步产生的问题必然是:仅限于当代文明国家之法呢?还是也包括目前尚未开化的国家之法?可以肯定地说,为解决现代文明的问题而去研究尚未开化的国家之法,那是没有多大意义的。我们不得不承认,对于尚未开化的国家之法所进行的比较研究,的确难以成为比较法的研究对象。然而,某些国家 The object of comparative law here only raised the existing problems. As for further clarification, another chapter discusses the issue. (A) The first question to be raised is whether one or more of the objects of the comparative law should be identified. Thus, the comparative laws can be divided into individual comparative laws and comprehensive comparative laws. Generally speaking, of course, comprehensive comparative law can derive more objective conclusions. However, it is not always possible to adopt a comprehensive comparison under any circumstances. In some cases, it may also be appropriate to compare one country with another. Moreover, the use of individual comparative approaches tends to be more practical and viable. Second, a question to be raised is: Is the object of comparative law limited to contemporary current law or the “prior law, the old law” of the past? Recently, in comparative jurisprudence, the “comparison of past law” should be given from the comparative law Strong tendency to exclude. However, it is not necessarily clear from this fact that the conclusion that “the study of the past law is not important in the comparative law” can be deduced. (Elber’s special emphasis on the history of legal history in the book The Object of Comparative Law may also be the object of comparison.) If we confine the subject of comparative law to contemporary and contemporary laws, the resulting problems must be: Is it limited to the law of a modern and civilized country, or is it the law of a country that is not yet civilized? It is safe to say that it is of little significance to study the law of a country that has not yet been cultivated in order to solve the problem of modern civilization. We have to admit that comparative studies of the law of a country that is not yet civilized can hardly be the subject of comparative law. However, some countries