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国家竞争优势不仅取决于国家的要素禀赋,还取决于要素的利用效率。在发展中国家构建国家竞争优势的过程中,由于国际贸易的影响,要素禀赋的积累升级和要素利用效率的增长是不同步的。国际贸易可以被分为分工模式和转移模式的贸易活动。在分工模式下,企业藉由其优势要素嵌入适合自身发展的价值链环节,处于价值链低端的企业难以进入价值链核心生产环节;在转移模式下,价值链主导企业利用其技术优势整合发展中国家的生产要素,处于价值链低端的企业虽不能完全攫取高技术环节生产带来的附加值,却能积累价值链中高技术环节所需的要素,为企业进一步价值链升级和经济持续增长奠定基础。
The national competitive advantage depends not only on the country’s factor endowments, but also on the utilization efficiency of the factors. In the process of constructing national competitive advantage in developing countries, due to the influence of international trade, the accumulation of factor endowment accumulation and the increase of factor utilization efficiency are not synchronized. International trade can be divided into trade activities based on division of labor mode and transfer mode. Under the mode of division of labor, enterprises embed value chains that are suitable for their own development through their superior elements. Enterprises at the low end of the value chain cannot easily enter the core production chain of the value chain; under the transfer mode, the value chain leads the enterprises to use their technological advantages to integrate development. Although the production factors in Chinese countries and enterprises at the low end of the value chain cannot fully absorb the added value brought about by high-tech production, they can accumulate the necessary elements in the high-tech links in the value chain to upgrade the company’s further value chain and sustain economic growth. Lay the foundation.