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在近代中国历史上,1898年发生的维新运动是一次最为有声有色的社会变革,它曾经带给人们的希望,不仅是将要结束一个旧时代,埋葬传统的旧体制,而且更为重要的是,它给人们的希望是中国就此必将强大,必将自立于世界民族之林,恢复或重振中华帝国在往昔的雄威。然而遗憾的是,这次维新运动犹如昙花一现,西太后只需举手之劳就将维新事业全案推翻,一切仍旧。中国依然在旧有的轨道上前进。中国的改革何以如此艰难,本文无意探讨戊戌维新的功过是非和之所以失败的全面原因,只拟就民族主义与维新运动的内在关联检讨这一运动之所以失败的文化背景。当然,如同历史上的任何事件一样,戊戌维新的失败不可能是单一的原因所造成的,而是各种因素机缘巧合的结果。因此,本文的探讨只是揭示研究者向来忽略的一个方面,并不是说民族主义是导致维新运动失败的终极原因。
In the history of modern China, the reformation movement that took place in 1898 was the most vivid social change that once gave people hope that it will not only end an old era and bury the old system of tradition, but more importantly, The hope given to all people is that China will certainly be strong in this regard and will certainly stand on its own feet in the world’s ethnic groups and restore or revitalize the majesty of the Chinese imperialists in the past. Regrettably, however, this reorganization movement is like a blip. The Empress Dowager has only to rebuild the entire cause of reformation and everything remains unchanged. China is still on the old track. Why the reform in China is so difficult? This article does not intend to discuss the full cause of the failure of the Hundred Days Reform. It only intends to review the cultural background of the failure of this movement due to the inherent relationship between nationalism and the reform movement. Of course, like any incident in history, the failure of the Hundred Days Reform can not be caused by a single cause, but by the coincidence of various factors. Therefore, the discussion in this article only reveals one aspect that researchers have never overlooked. It does not mean that nationalism is the ultimate cause of the failure of the reform movement.