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目的:采用倾向性评分匹配法均衡组间协变量后，比较胰十二指肠切除术(PD)和全胰腺切除术(TP)对胰头癌患者术后生存期的影响及相关预后因素。方法:检索美国国立癌症研究所监测、流行病学和结果(SEER)数据库并筛选出2010年至2016年间3 676例胰头癌患者，其中3 559例行PD(PD组)，117例行TP(TP组)。利用倾向性评分匹配平衡混杂因素，最终PD组与TP组各117例匹配成功。应用Kaplan-Meier曲线观察匹配前和匹配后患者术后总体生存率及癌症特异生存率，利用Log-rank检验及Cox比例风险模型分析评估不同临床病理特征对胰头癌患者预后的影响。结果:匹配前PD组3 559例患者1、3、5年癌症特异生存率分别为72.8%、35.1%、24.9%，中位生存时间为23.89个月；TP组117例患者分别为67.9%、29.4%、26.1%和21.51个月，差异均无统计学意义(n P值均>0.05)。匹配后，PD组117例患者1、3、5年癌症特异生存率分别为77.8%、44.5%、31.8%，中位生存时间为31.50个月，显著优于TP组，差异有统计学意义(n P值均0.05). After matching, the 1, 3, and 5-year cancer-specific survival rates of 117 patients in the PD group were 77.8%, 44.5% and 31.8%, and the median survival time was 31.50 months, which was significantly better than that of the TP group, and the differences were statistically significant (alln P values <0.05). Cox regression analysis showed that surgical methods, tumor differentiation degree, N staging and pathological types were independent risk factors for overall survival and cancer-specific survival.n Conclusions:Surgical methods, tumor differentiation degree, N stage and pathological type were independent risk factors affecting the overall survival rate and cancer-related survival rate. The survival benefit of PD was significantly better than that of TP, and the clinical choice of TP treatment for patients with pancreatic head cancer should be cautious.