一节尝试以培养学生的审辩式思维和创新思维能力为主的高中英语阅读课

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  【摘 要】 学生的深度思维能力、审辩式思维能力、创造性思维能力在英语学习中起着至关重要的作用。本文将焦点放在高中英语课堂,以一堂说、读最后到写的综合技能课为例,努力尝试以说和读促思考,以说和读培养思维的训练方式,使学生的各个方面的综合能力在一堂课中得到一定程度的培养。
  【关键词】 审辩式思维 创新思维能力 高中英语
  一、课例背景
  本课例选自2017年7月8日在四川仁寿县举办的“省教科所—仁寿县人民政府所在地战略合作2017年度仁寿县教育系统暑期干部教师培训会”。执教教师是成都七中张学刚老师,指导教师为四川省教科所董洪丹老师,授课时长45分钟。
  二、教学分析
  1.教学内容分析
  人际关系是高考英语24个话题中的重要话题之一,学生对亲情类话题并不陌生。此次展示课采用自选阅读材料的方式,选取了一则描述父子在鲈鱼禁渔期解禁之前一同钓鱼的阅读材料(见附录)。基于对该段阅读材料的分析,指导教师及笔者认为这一阅读材料适合作为对高二学生进行思维训练的教学材料。第一、针对文中父亲的做法,有人认为父亲是在言传身教,而有人认为父亲不够爱自己的儿子,在没人看到他们的情况下,他是可以让儿子钓起那条鲈鱼的。针对不同的观点,学生应辩证地看待该问题;另外,父亲要求儿子在鲈鱼禁渔期还未解禁之前把钓到的鲈鱼放回湖中,这其实是对规则的一种尊重,此时如引导学生去探讨尊重规则是否永远都是正确的,这无意又从另一个维度去启发学生的批判性思维。第二、让学生分组讨论给文章取一个合适的标题,在基于对文章深层理解的基础上,培养学生的创新思维能力。
  美国著名教育家布鲁姆教授认为人的高阶思维(higher order thinking)包括了自主学习与合作解决问题的能力、创造性思维能力、审辩式思维能力、深度思维能力等。他创立的认知目标分类理论把认知领域的教育目标分成识记、理解、应用、分析、评价和创造六个类别, 其中分析、评价和创造,他认为就是“高阶思维”(洛林·安德森,2009)。结合所选语言材料的特点,该堂课努力尝试以说和读促思考,以说和读培养思维的训练方式,努力去呈现一堂说、读最后到写的综合技能课。
  2.学生分析
  据《普通高中英语课程标准(实验)》(教育部,2003)中对高二学生语言技能目标的叙述,高二阶段的学生能够理解阅读材料中不同的观点和态度,并基本能够理解涉及社会生活话题的、地道的语言材料。本次授课对象是四川仁寿一中高二年级的学生。高二年级学生的思维能力虽已达一定的水平,但如何在有限的45分钟课堂上,让他们的深度思维能力、审辩式思维能力、创造性思维能力都得到一定程度的培养是本堂课中师生所面临的挑战之一。
  3.教学目标
  基于对文本内容和学生情况的分析,本堂课定位于以培养学生的深度思维能力、审辩式思维能力、创造性思维能力为主的综合技能课,并确定了下列教学目标:
  (1)让学生了解故事叙述的基本要素并能领会到The theme of a story is what it needs to make a story more than a story;
  (2)能基本學会从细节描写去分析人物性格;
  (3)学会辩证地看待自己学习生活中遇到的关于道德品质的一些问题;
  (4)尝试培养学生审辩思维、创新思维和深度思维的能力。
  4.教学设计思路
  (1)备课思维过程:用一条主题的线贯穿课堂
  在设计时,始终围绕一个核心词语:catch;从课前热身环节别具一格的猜词设计(猜词答案是catch),到分析故事基本要素中小男孩catch a fish, 再到分析父亲人物性格中小男孩似乎是catch something from his father,最后通过“照镜子”的方式去反观现实中我们的言行,进而检验我们的学生是否catch something good from the passage。
  (3)调整教学内容
  阅读材料分教师版和学生版,教师版尽量原汁原味,而学生版文章篇幅控制在500词左右,但同时保留语言教学材料的真实性和地道性。另外文章共九个段落,前面六个段落属于叙述部分,后面三个段落是议论部分,故在排版时,叙述和议论中间应留有较大的空间,并在学生的阅读材料上把议论部分折叠,让学生分步阅读,让学生带着悬念去阅读。
  三、教学过程
  Step 1 Warming-up
  上课伊始,教师和学生简短问候之后接着告诉学生今天一开始要做一个猜词游戏。教师发出如下指令:
  Class. Just now your maths teacher told me that you’re very good at maths. So I am thinking about having you guys use your maths knowledge to solve an English puzzle. The answer to the puzzle is an English word. Each of these answers represents the position of an English letter in the English alphabet. So altogether we’ll get five letters. Put together the five letters and you will get the word. Take lg1000 for an example.
  T: What’s lg1000?
  S: Three
  T: What’s the 3rd letter in the English alphabet?   S: C
  T: Now let’s do it.
  lg1000=? tan45°=? |20|=? √9=? 2?=?
  T: So the word is catch. But please tell me what you can catch in your life.
  S: Some animals, for example, birds, goats, fish or even our teachers’ suggestions etc.
  T: Okay! What do you expect to catch in today’s English class. Now let’s read a story—Catch of __________
  【设计意图和实施情况】
  一开始让学生用熟悉的数学知识来热身,主要目的是为了激发学生的兴趣,从课堂学生的反馈来看,学生很喜欢这种不拘一格的课堂引入。这种新颖的课堂引入方式巧妙地运用了学科融合理论。学科融合是在承认学科差异的基础上不断打破学科边界,促进学科间相互渗透,交叉的活动。这是学科发展的趋势,更是产生创新性成果的重要途径。
  Step 2 The story
  教师发出如下指令: Let’s read the story from P1-P6 and answer the six questions:
  ◆ Who were the heroes? ◆ Where were they?
  ◆ When was it? ◆ What were they doing?
  ◆ Did the son catch anything?
  ◆ What did the son do with it?
  (教师在黑板上画Father,Son &Fish的简笔画,并要求学生把刚才的答案组成一句话:On an evening , a father and son were fishing from the dock of their house. The son was told to free the fish because the bass season was not opened then.)
  【设计意图和实施情况】
  此环节旨在运用孩子都喜欢读故事的心理,通过设置由浅入深的问题,以问答的方式,调动全班同学的积极性。
  Step 3 The father
  ◆What kind of person was the father? (provide supporting sentences)
  ◆What did the son “catch” from his father?
  師生对话如下:
  T: Class. The story is just a simple story, but what makes a story more than a story? Please share your ideas with your shoulder partners...
  S1: ...
  S2: ... (学生不能回答时可引导他们:A story always wants to tell us something. So, what is the thing?—Theme 教师板书Theme)
  T: In order to catch the theme of the story. Let’s read the whole passage. Please unfold the whole story. Discuss within groups and figure out what kind of person the father is. Remember to outline some supporting sentences.
  S: Honest, strict, caring/loving/ kind... (注意引导学生找到相应的supporting sentences)
  T: Class. You’ve done a good job. But did the son catch something from his father?
  S: Yes.
  T: What is it?
  S: ...
  教师着重强调文章体现的又一个“catch”。
  【设计意图和实施情况】
  此环节旨在让学生学会细读,学会对细节进行深度挖掘,并试图培养他们审辩式思维。学生们对文中所描绘的父亲,其体会和感觉是不一样的,这没有固定的标准答案来回答父亲是一个什么样的人,其关键在于学生“入情,入境”后的理解。课堂上审辩式思维的过程是一个师生不断互动的过程。学生通过课堂获取的信息与自己已有的经验进行比较,并且思考是否认同某一理由或说法。(Cottrell, 2011)
  Step 4 The fish
  教师发出如下指令:
  Boys and girls. In Paragraph 7, the writer says “... he does see that same fish again and again...” The fish that the son sees is more than just a fish. Please discuss in groups and answer:   ◆What is “that same fish”?
  ◆How do you understand “ethics”?
  【设计意图和实施情况】
  此环节在围绕文章主线“catch”的基础上,引导学生去思考生活中碰到的“fish”是什么,并让学生深度分析ethics在文中的含义。在课堂教学实施中学生单一去理解ethics有相当大的难度,而作者对ethics的解释即在下一段首句:Ethics are simple matters of right and wrong. 这对学生进行阅读微技能中猜词能力的培养是很好的例证。
  Step 5 Do we?
  ◆What is “that same fish” you have met?
  ◆Share with us what you did with the “fish”.
  师生对话如下:
  T: My dear teachers and students. We do catch this kind of fish in our life from time to time. Right? Please share with us the fish you’ve met with in your life. And how do you deal with the fish? Are we like them in the pictures?
  S: ...
  教师接下来展示下列两张PPT:
  【设计意图和实施情况】
  此环节力图和Step 4 联系起来,通过“照镜子”的自省方式来反思和规范我们的日常行为,以期达到教育的目的。柏拉图曾说:“什么是教育?教育是为了以后的生活所进行的训练,它能使人变善,从而高尚地行动”,“我们可以断言教育不是像有些人所说的,他们可以把知识装进空无所有的心灵里,仿佛他们可以把视觉装进盲者的眼里,教育乃是‘心灵的转向’”。從课堂的实施效果来看,学生们的参与度不错,同时学生对彼此的论述也持有批判的意见。这样的课堂设置促进了学生辩式思维能力的发展。
  Step 6 Be critical
  ◆Was the father’s teaching the best? If you were the father, what would you do?
  ◆Putting the fish back means obeying the rules. So is obeying the rules always right?
  师生对话如下:
  T: Was the father’s teaching the best? If you were the father, what would you do?
  S: ...
  T: (追问学生): If I allowed my son to keep the fish, how would you punish me? Fine me or throw me into prison?
  S: ...
  T: Does putting the fish back means obeying the rules? But is obeying the rules always right? For example, we were told not to tell a lie. It’s a kind of rule. But how about facing those bad guys? We were told not to run the red light. What if someone in your family were seriously ill and you had to send her/him to hospital as soon as possible?
  S: ...
  【设计意图和实施情况】
  本环节旨在进一步训练高二学生的深度思维能力和发散思维能力。在教学过程中,学生的思维是有深度的,发散的,批判性的。第一、让学生站在父亲的立场上去换位思考,他们得出的教育方法是多样的,而他们的决定又没有固定的标准。第二、课堂上,老师不停地推动学生的思维运转。当老师问到如果让自己的孩子保留钓起的那条鲈鱼,应该受到什么样的惩罚时,学生有的认为应该罚款,有的认为该坐牢,学生们的热情被再次点燃。与此同时,学生的思维有了深度,无论是用罚款还是坐牢等惩戒措施,高二学生又必须站在人性的高度去考虑问题。第三、老师继续问学生,“释放鲈鱼意味着是对规则的一种遵守,那么遵守规则是否永远是正确的;比如:我们深知不可闯红灯,但如果我们的亲人身患重病,必须第一时间送她/他去医院时,又当如何处理?”。此时,学生的热度已达到最高点,这无疑是学生们从未想过的问题,这亦是在挑战他们传统的思维方式。学生们辩证地,批判性地看问题的意识明显在增强。
  Step 7 The title
  ◆ Complete the title.
  ◆ Compare your group’s title with the author’s.
  教师发出如下的指令:
  T: Boys and girls, your performance today is fantastic. However, our story today has got no title. Please discuss in groups to name a new title. Later on, let’s compare whether our title is better than that of the author’s.   S: An Unforgettable Evening/ Fishing/ Father and Son/ Caching a Bass/ The Fish ...
  教师先让学生讨论,分享然后给出作者原来的题目:Catch of a Lifetime (一生的收获)
  【设计意图和实施情况】
  此环节力图让学生在深入理解文章主题的同时,培养其创新思维能力。没有最好的标题,只有更好的。学生们所站的维度,理解的深浅都直接或间接地影响了标题的拟定。从现场的生成来看,学生的标题都有针对性和概括性,例如:Catching More Than a Fish;An Unforgettable Evening etc.
  Step 8 Assignment
  Continue to write what kind of person the son would become if his father didn’t ask him to put the fish back. Share your story later in your English class.
  【设计意图】
  此环节旨在通过续写故事的方式,让学生对文章所传递的内容做进一步的思考。最后教师总结提升“人生要读三本书:有字之书,无字之书和心灵之书”。(Everyone will have to read three books in his whole life: a book with words, a book without words, a book of his own heart.)
  四、教学反思
  整体上,本堂课基本实现了教学目标,并有以下几点较好的做法和值得反思的地方:
  1.导入新颖独特
  课堂伊始,教师给学生说要做游戏,而喜欢游戏又是孩子的天性;但这次的游戏又与普通的游戏与众不同:英文老师让孩子做的是数学游戏。无论哪一种类型的学生在这样的环节都会被点燃热情。一堂好课的开始就当如写文章“起句当如爆竹,骤响易彻”。
  2.思维训练充分
  在本堂课中,师生对话是多维度的,既有点的东西,也有面的东西。本堂课努力尝试以说和读培养思维的训练方式,努力使高二学生的深度思维能力、审辩式思维能力、创造性思维能力得到一定程度的锻炼与培养。
  3.课堂生成鲜活
  现代学习观认为,学习是学生主动建构知识的过程,是通过参与者的行为和交互作用而生成的,而不是通过教学计划预先设定的课程(郝永华, 2010)。学生的回答都是现场生成的,而往往现场生成的东西,才是最真实的。
  4.德育浸润合理
  在Step 5时,通过“照镜子”的方式,让学生去反思自己平时的言行,从而在孩子心中悄悄种下一颗德育的种子。期间无须过多的说理,德育目的自然达到。这在一定程度上诠释了程晓堂老师所提的,“教师要善于走出教材,活用教材,充分挖掘教材中蕴含的德育因素,培养学生良好的情感态度(程晓堂, 2002)。”
  虽然本堂课力求通过一种尝试,努力让学生的思维在一定程度上得到锻炼,但教学是门遗憾的艺术,没有一节课是完美无缺的。学生思维的培养是一个长期的过程。
  【参考文献】
  [1]教育部. 普通高中英语课程标准(实验)[M]. 北京:人民教育出版社,2003.
  [2]龚亚夫. 多元目标英语课程[M]. 高等教育出版社,2015.
  [3]洛林·安德森. 布卢姆教育目标分类学[M]. 外语教学与研究出版社出版,2009.
  [4]外语教学与研究出版社. 普通高中课程标准试验教科书. 英语(必修 4)高中二年级上学期[T]. 北京:外语教学与研究出版社,2014.
  [5]程晓堂. 英语教材分析与设计[M]. 北京:外语教学与研究出版社,2002.
  [6]郝永华. 课堂因生成的实现而精彩[J]. 中小学英语教学与研究,2010(11):24-27.
  [7]Nunan, D. Task-based Language Teaching[M]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011.
  [8]Cottrell, S. Critical Thinking Skills: Developing Effective Analysis and Argument[M]. Palgrave Macmillan, 2011.
  [9]Glaser, Edward M. Experiment in the Development of Critical Thinking (Columbia University Teachers College Contributions to Education No 843) [M]. New York : AMS Press, 1972.
  附閱读材料一则:
  Catch of ______________
  ① He was 11 and went fishing every chance he got from the dock at his family’s small house on an island in the middle of a New Hampshire lake.
  ② On the day before the bass (鲈鱼) season opened, he and his father were fishing early in the evening, catching sunfish and bass with worms. Then he tied on a small silver lure (诱饵) and practiced casting (抛线). The lure struck the water and caused colored ripples (涟漪) in the sunset, then silver ripples as the moon rose over the lake. When his fishing pole bent a lot, he knew something big was on the other end. His father watched with admiration as the boy skillfully worked the fish along the dock.   ③ Finally, he carefully lifted the exhausted fish from the water. Wow! It was the largest one he had ever seen, but it was a bass.
  ④ The boy and his father looked at the handsome fish, gills (鰓) playing back and forth in the moonlight. The father lit a match and looked at his watch. It was 22:00PM—two hours before the season opened. He looked at the fish, and then at the boy. “You’ll have to put it back, son.” he said. “Dad!” cried the boy. “There will be other fish,” said his father. “But not as big as this one,” cried the boy.
  ⑤ The boy looked around the lake. No other fishermen or boats were anywhere around in the moonlight. He looked again at his father. Even though no one had seen them, nor could anyone ever know what time he caught the fish, the boy could tell by his father’s clear voice that his decision was not changed. He slowly worked the hook out of the mouth of the big bass and put it into the black water. The creature swung its tail and disappeared. The boy doubted that he would never see such a great fish again.
  ⑥ That was 34 years ago. Today, the boy is successful in New York. His father’s small house is still there. He takes his own children fishing from the same dock.
  ⑦ And he was right. He has never again caught such a great fish as the one he freed that night long ago. But he does see that same fish—again and again—every time he faces a question of ethics.
  ⑧ As his father taught him, ethics are simple matters of right and wrong. It is only the practice of ethics that is difficult. Do we do right when no one is looking? Do we run the red light when there’re no cars?
  ⑨ We would if we were taught to put the fish back when we were young. For we would have learned the truth. The decision to do right always lives fresh in our memory. It is a story we should proudly tell our friends and children. Not about how we had a chance to beat the system and took it, but about how we did the right thing and were forever strengthened.
其他文献
选修六  跟踪导练(一)  阅读地带  A: 1—3 DAAB: 4—7 ABDC  阅读七选五  1—5 EBGCF  完形填空  1—5 BCCAD6—10 AABCD  11—15 BACBD16—20 ACBAA  单词训练营  1. serious2. lack3. advance4. nodded  5. sighed6. prize7. tidied8. favour  9. Cer
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【摘 要】 在词汇教学中有一种原形化倾向,即只重视词汇原形的教学及记忆,而忽略其形式变化,例如可数名词不重视其单数和复数的搭配与形式变化,动词不重视及物与不及物、第三人称单数形式等变化等。原形化词汇教学会造成词汇学习的碎片化,学生仅仅记住单个的词汇,而未掌握其搭配及语用功能,他们的词汇运用能力并未得到充分培养。写作语块训练法正是把写作词汇经过组块,然后在微型语境中进行练习的方法。通过这种练习,当掌
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Youth is not a time of life, it is a state of mind; it is not a matter of rosy cheeks, red lips and supple knees; it is a matter of the will, a quality of the imagination, a vigor of the emotions; it
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A  Short and shy, Ben Saunders was the last kid in his class picked for any sports team. “Football, tennis—anything with a round ball, I was useless,” he says now with a laugh. But back then he was th
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Tiny ghost-like dolls hang from trees, big plastic spiders sit on rooftops and bloody plastic hands reach out from gravestones… Are you ready for the scariest night of the year?  October 31 is Hallowe
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A  It seems that great artists and scientists often suffer from mental problems. Both Einstein and Dickens had mental illness. Now scientists have started to look at whether mental illness and genius
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Platform 9  九又四分之三月台  Location: King’s Cross Station  拍摄地点:国王十字站  That handy train line will then whisk you straight to King’s Cross, the bustling terminus at which Harry, Hermione, Ron and friends bo
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選修六  Module 1  Text 1  M: The lecture starts at 9:00.  W: Don’t rush. We still have fifteen minutes left.  Text 2  W: How do you find the dinner?  M: It’s quite delicious, but the pork is a bit well-d
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10种方法助你提高工作效率
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As you watched the 2014 FIFA World Cup over the few weeks, you heard a lot of people call the sport “football”.  If you’re American, however, there’s a good chance you call it “soccer”. And despite wh
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