Objective:To analyze the effect of Chinese medicine (CM) on mortality and quality of life (QOL) of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) patients treated with combined antiretroviral therapy (cART).Methods:A random sample of AIDS patients enrolled in the National Chinese Medicine Treatment Trial Program (NCMTP) that met the inclusion criteria was included in this study.NCMTP patients were included as the CM+cART group,and those not in the NCMTP were included as the cART group.Survival from September 2004 to September 2012 was analyzed by retrospective cohort study.QOL was analyzed by cross-sectional study.Results:The retrospective cohort study included 528 AIDS patients,322 in the CM+cART group and 206 in the cART group.After 8 years,the mortality in the CM+cART group was 3.3/100 person-years,which was lower than the cART group of 5.3/100 person-years (P＜0.05).The hazard ratio (HR) for mortality in the cART group was 1.6 times that of the CM+cART group by Cox proportional hazard model analysis.After controlling for gender,age,marital status,education,and CD4+ T-cell count,the HR was 1.9 times higher in the cART group compared with the CM+cART group (P＜0.05).The cross-sectional study investigated 275 AIDS patients.The mean scores of all QOL domains except spirituality/personal beliefs were higher in the CM+cART group than in the cART group (P＜0.05).Conclusions:For AIDS patients,CM could help to prolong life,decrease mortality,and improve QOL.However,there were limitations in the study,so prospective studies should be carried out to confirm our primary results.