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城市在人类文明史中扮演了重要角色,城市的出现往往意味着文明的发展。在全球各地,城市的形态虽千差万别,但城墙可说是其最显著的共性,正是城墙界定了城市的边界和基本物质架构。本文着重考察了1000—1750年的意大利城墙,将其划分为三个发展阶段:中世纪盛期城市的勃兴和修建城墙的热潮;文艺复兴时期军事技术的革新,尤其是大炮的改良给城墙带来的危机,以及由此促生的新式“凸堡或箭堡”体系的出现和现代军事城市规划思想的发展;巴洛克时期城墙体系的特点,尤其是巴洛克式城门和城门广场的出现及其意义。可以说,意大利城墙的历史变迁是整个意大利城市及其文化演变的一个缩影。
Cities play an important role in the history of human civilization, and the emergence of cities often means the development of civilization. Although the forms of cities vary widely across the globe, the city walls can be said to be their most prominent commonalities. It is the city walls that define the boundaries and basic material structures of cities. This article examines the Italian city wall from 1000 to 1750 and divides it into three stages of development: the flourishing of the city during the Middle Ages and the craze of the city walls; the Renaissance military technology innovations, especially the improvement of artillery, brought to the city walls The appearance of the new “fortress or fortress” system and the development of modern military city planning ideology; the features of the baroque city wall system, especially the appearance of baroque gates and gates And its significance. It can be said that the historical changes of the Italian city wall is a microcosm of the entire Italian city and its cultural evolution.