一、引论至少从50年代后期起,大多数正式的新古典经济增长理论已认可技术进步作为关键的驱动力。这样,他们也已与对增长的源泉上实证研究的中心结论相一致。然而,大多数较早的正式的模式在关于技术进步的来源上是缄默的或不连贯的。在过去的10年中,这个事实的承认导致了新的正式的新古典模式的派别的发展,这种模式使技术进步成为内生的并包括了工商企业的寻求利润的投资。这些模式以合乎传统风格的形式抓住了多年来已被实证的学者用文字很好论述过的关于技术进步的专有的理解。使研究与开发对厂商有利可图的特色结合进去,这些模式以下面的两种方法中的一种或同时两种来与较早的各种模式相区别。第一,厂商至少有能力对增高的生产率的价值的一部分保持所有权,或通过他们的研究与开发赢得更佳的产品成绩。第二,依据承认技术是某种程 I. INTRODUCTION At least since the late 1950s, most formal neoclassical economic growth theories have recognized technological progress as a key driver. In this way, they have also been aligned with the central conclusion of empirical research on the source of growth. However, most of the earlier formal models were silent or inconsistent about the sources of technological progress. The recognition of this fact over the past decade has led to the development of a new formal neoclassical model that has made technological progress endogenous and includes the business-seeking investment for profit. These models take, in a traditional style, the proprietary understanding of technological progress well documented by well-established scholars over the years. Bring research and development to the profitable features of vendors that differentiate themselves from earlier models in one or both of the following two ways. First, firms at least have the ability to retain ownership of part of the value of increased productivity or to win better product grades through their research and development. Second, based on the recognition that technology is somehow