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[Objective] The nutritional components and active components of Rhizoma Dioscoreae were analyzed,to provide basis for further development and use of Rhizoma Dioscoreae. [Methods]44 Rhizoma Dioscoreae samples were collected and taken as research objects,conventional detection method was used to analyze main nutritional and active components. [Results] There are differences in the content of main components between 44 Rhizoma Dioscoreae samples,and the difference is up to extremely significant level. Henan Dioscorea opposita Thunb contains 12. 65% adhesive protein; Shandong Short Rhizoma Dioscoreae contains 27. 19% crude polysaccharides and 42. 89% dry matters;Guangdong Shenzhen Purple Rhizoma Dioscoreae contains 40. 68% polyphenol; Hubei Shiyan Maojian District Dujiawan No. 1 Rhizoma Dioscoreae contains 23. 72% amylose and 60. 48% starch; Zhejiang Taizhou Huangyan District purple Rhizoma Dioscoreae contains 39. 94% amylopectin; Henan Dioscorea opposita Thunb( planted in Enshi Prefecture of Hubei Province) contains 0. 88% allantoin; Shiyan Maojian District Dujiawan No. 6 contains 0. 0509% saponins. [Conclusion]Components of Rhizoma Dioscoreae are influenced by environment of planting area and field management factors including gene control,soil,climatic conditions,and cultivation and management methods,as well as harvesting time. This study is expected to provide theoretical reference for developing health products using Rhizoma Dioscoreae.