基于生物絮团技术构建的零换水养殖系统对凡纳滨对虾高密度养殖效果分析

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  摘要:【目的】探討在零换水条件下开展凡纳滨对虾高密度养殖的可行性,为后续推动对虾零换水高效健康养殖模式的规模化产业应用提供参考依据。【方法】采用封闭式串联养殖池系统,凡纳滨对虾虾苗放养密度690尾/m3,养殖周期91 d(13周),以生物絮团技术调控养殖水质,养殖全程不换水,定期监测与分析养殖水体主要水质指标及细菌数量的动态变化特征。【结果】经13周的零换水养殖后,凡纳滨对虾平均存活率为(83.90±2.74)%,收获规格平均为14.50±0.99 g/尾,单位水体对虾产量平均为8.39±0.48 kg/m3,饲料系数平均为1.25±0.06,养殖对虾单产平均耗水量为120.00±6.38 L/kg。从养殖第7周起,水体中生物絮团量维持在18.2~30.4 mL/L,pH基本维持在7.31~7.60,总碱度在116~224 mg/L范围内波动变化,总氨氮(TAN)浓度降低至0.45 mg/L以下并保持至试验结束,亚硝酸盐氮(NO2--N)浓度保持低于0.70 mg/L,硝酸盐氮(NO3?-N)浓度呈持续上升趋势,至试验结束时接近135.0 mg/L。养殖水体中的异养细菌和弧菌数量均呈先升高后降低的变化趋势,其中,异养细菌从第9周后一直维持在×106 CFU/mL的数量级水平,弧菌从第7周后一直维持在×102 CFU/mL的数量级水平。【结论】科学运用生物絮团技术对凡纳滨对虾养殖水质进行原位调控能实现高密度零换水的高效健康养殖,还可有效提高水资源的利用效率,有助于推动对虾养殖产业的绿色健康发展。
  关键词: 凡纳滨对虾;高密度养殖;零换水;微生物调控;生物絮团
  中图分类号: S966.129                           文献标志码: A 文章编号:2095-1191(2019)12-2833-08
  Production trial and analysis of Litopenaeus vannamei based on biofloc technology at a high density in zero-water exchange systems
  FAN Peng-cheng1,2, XU Wu-jie2,3, WEN Guo-liang1,2, XU Yu2,3, XU Yun-na2, LI Zhuo-jia2, YANG Keng2, ZHANG Jian-she1, CAO Yu-cheng1,2,3*
  (1Zhejiang Ocean University/National Marine Facility Breeding Engineering Technology Research Center,Zhoushan, Zhejiang  316022, China; 2South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences/ Guangdong Key Laboratory of Fishery Ecology and Environment/Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation & Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou  510300, China; 3Shenzhen
  Experimental Base, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences,Shenzhen,Guangdong  518121, China)
  Abstract:【Objective】This study discussed the feasibility of zero-water exchange for high density culture of Litopenaeus vannamei, in order to provide reference for future promotion of large-scale industrial application of the environment friendly and high effective aquaculture. 【Method】In this trial, a closed cascaded ponds system was adopted, the stocking density of L. vannamei was 690 ind/m3, and the culture period was 91 d(13 weeks). Biofloc technology was used to control the water quality of pond systems, and no water was exchanged during the whole culture period. Key water quality parameters and dynamic change of bacteria volume were regularly monitored and analyzed. 【Result】After the 13 weeks(91 d) zero-water exchange culture, the average yield was 8.39±0.48 kg/m3 with an average weight of 14.50±0.99 g/ind, and an average survival rate of (83.9±2.74)%. The feed coefficient was 1.25±0.06 and average water volume used for producing 1 kg shrimps was 120.00±6.38 L/kg. Seven weeks after the start of the trial, the bioflocs volume in the culture water was 18.2-30.4 mL/L, pH remained at 7.31-7.60, total alkali showed no obvious fluctuation regulation within the range of 116-224 mg/L. The concentrations of ammonia nitrogen(TAN) and nitrite nitrogen(NO2--N) were kept below 0.45 mg/L and 0.70 mg/L respectively till the end of the experiment. The concentration of nitrite nitrogen(NO3--N) showed an escalating trend, reaching 135.0 mg/L in the end. The quantity variation of the heterotrophic bacteria and vibrio in water increased at the initial stage and then decreased, with the former maintaining at the level of ×106 CFU/mL since the 9th week and the latter at the level of ×102 CFU/mL since the 7th week. 【Conclusion】Scientific application of biofloc technology for water quality control in situ can realize efficient and healthy aquaculture of L. vannamei in zero-water exchange systems, and meanwhile improve the utilization efficiency of water resources, thereby helping to drive the sustaina-ble development of shrimp aquaculture industry.   随着生物絮团量的增加,养殖水体pH和总碱度逐渐下降,主要是微生物的硝化效应过程所致(郑春华等,2017)。陈旭良等(2006)研究表明,以Na2CO3调节水体总碱度的效果优于NaOH。王大鹏等(2014)研究指出,加强养殖水体pH和总碱度调节有利于微生物和凡纳滨对虾的生长。为此,本研究通过添加Na2CO3溶液和生石灰水以调节水体pH和总碱度,并辅以沉淀桶将水中的生物絮团浓度数量稳定控制在15~20 mL/L,旨在为水体中的微生物和养殖对虾提供相对稳定的水质条件。邓应能等(2012)将生物絮团技术应用于凡纳滨对虾试验性封闭养殖系统中,在84 d的养殖期内养殖水体TAN和NO2?-N浓度均维持在较低水平,对虾存活率则在80%以上。索建杰等(2015)通过对比常规换水、循环水和生物絮团3种凡纳滨对虾养殖模式下其水质指标的变化规律及凡纳滨对虾的存活与生长情况,也发现以生物絮团养殖模式的效果最优。可见,在养殖水体中构建和培育以优势功能菌群为核心的水质原位调控技术,不仅能保障养殖水质满足养殖生物健康生长的需求,还可实现养殖全程零换水的目标。
  3. 3 对虾零换水高效健康养殖模式的优势
  对虾零换水高效健康养殖模式的优势主要表现为:(1)实现养殖全程零换水,与传统池塘养殖的大量及频繁换水相比,可有效调控养殖水质,提高水资源利用效率。(2)可有效减少养殖对虾病害暴发,提高养殖效益。由于养殖全程零换水,可避免通过换水引入外来病原的风险;且生物絮团技术可有效抑制有害病原菌的生长繁殖,部分益生菌团还能分泌特定的抑菌因子如细菌素、溶菌酶等而抑制致病微生物(Verschuere et al.,2000)。(3)提高饲料蛋白利用率,降低养殖成本。投喂的饲料一部分被养殖对虾利用,还有部分残留在水体中或通过代谢效应进入养殖环境中,生物絮团中的微生物对其碳水化合物和氮素进行转换利用,形成菌体蛋白再被养殖对虾摄食利用(Epp et al.,2002;Abreu et al.,2007),从而实现养殖环境系统中物质的高效利用,同时降低饲料系数及提高养殖综合效益。(4)水体中的生物絮团有利于增强养殖对虾的消化吸收及抗病能力(Xu and Pan,2012;Sajali et al.,2019)。Suita等(2015)对在零换水系统中的对虾肝胰腺发育及生理状态进行分析,发现与常规生产系统相比,生物絮团零换水养殖系统更有利于促进对虾肝胰腺的正常发育,进而增强其生理功能;Cardona等(2016)研究发现,生物絮团零换水养殖系统中的对虾肠道细菌群落与换水养殖系统中的存在显著差异;陈文斌等(2017)研究表明,生物絮团中的功能菌株不仅能高效降解水体TAN和NO2?-N,还可抑制部分致病弧菌的生长,显著提高对虾的生长发育、免疫防御能力及饲料利用率。
  4 结论
  科学运用生物絮团技术对养殖水质进行原位调控,可实现凡纳滨对虾高密度零换水的高效健康养殖,还可有效提高水资源的利用效率,有助于推动对虾养殖产业的绿色健康发展。
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  (責任编辑 兰宗宝)
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