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摘要 [目的] 为准确、快速测定土壤中多环芳烃(PAHs)。[方法] 以乙腈为溶剂,样品经加速溶剂萃取仪(ASE)萃取,提取液经除水、浓缩,再经Florisil柱净化,采用高效液相色谱-荧光-PDA二极管阵列测定土壤中16种PAHs。[结果] 该方法的检出限为0.41~3.97 μg/kg(以3倍性噪比计),加标水平为0.5~20.0 mg/L,基质加标回收率为81.3%~121.0%,相对标准偏差1.5%~8.8%。[结论]该方法有效去除杂质干扰,缩短前处理时间,具有高提取率、高回收率、良好的精密度、较高的准确度等优点,适用于土壤中PAHs的测定。
关键词 加速溶剂萃取;固相萃取净化;高效液相色谱;多环芳烃;土壤
中图分类号 S153.6 文献标识码
A 文章编号 0517-6611(2014)03-00723-03
Abstract [Objective] The research aimed to obtain accurate and rapid determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)in soil. [Method] Using acetonitrile as the solvent,16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were extracted by accelerated solvent extraction (ASE). The extract was dehydrated and concentrated, and were purified by the Florisil solid phase extraction. [Result] The detection limits were 0.41-3.97 μg/kg. The recoveries of the spiked sample (0.5-20.0 mg/L) were 81.3%-121.0%, with relative standard deviations were 1.5%-8.8%. [Conclusion] The method effectively removed impurities, and reduced extremely the preprocessor time. It was concluded that the method had high recovery, high sensitivity and good reproducibility. The developed analytical method had been applied successfully to the determination of PAHs in soil.
Key words Accelerated solvent extraction; Solid phase extraction; High performance liquid chromatography; Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons; Soil
多环芳烃(PAHs)是100多种具有2个或2个以上苯环结构的一类持久性有机污染物[1],具有高毒性、致癌性和高致突变性。PAHs主要来自人类活动的排放[2],如煤、石油、柴油或汽油的不完全燃烧,一些处于高温的有机物质(500~800 ℃)或较低温度(100~300 ℃)下有机材料的燃烧也会生成PAHs[3]。自1961年Blumer在土壤中第一次发现PAHs以来,土壤中的PAHs就一直是国内外关注的热点之一[4]。PAHs具有低挥发性、低水溶性和生物降解困难等特点,所以PAHs可在土壤中長期持留且累积,对环境和人体健康造成危害[5]。美国环保署(EPA)已将萘、菲、荧蒽、苯并[k]荧蒽、苯并[a]芘、二苯并[a,h]蒽等16种PAHs确定为环境优先控制污染物,其中苯并[a]芘被指定为衡量PAHs总量的指标[6]。
分析PAHs的方法有很多,如气相色谱法(GC-FID)、气质联用法(GC-MS)和高效液相色谱法(RP-HPLC-UV/FLD)等[7]。土壤中PAHs的检测方法一般采用GC-MS或HPLC。HPLC适于分析检测高沸点不易挥发、热稳定性差(未衍生化)的有机化合物[8]。HPLC还具有分析过程不会破坏样品等优点,可做制备或收集单一组分进一步分析。与MS相比,荧光检测器(FID)检测PAHs具有高荧光量子产率,因此FID更适合定量检测土壤样品中的PAHs。FID的灵敏度比UV检测器高出20~320倍,比MS高出0.8~50.0倍[9]。所以,HPLC-FID法是检测土壤中PAHs的最适方法。
由于PAHs在土壤中为痕量水平,而且土壤成分复杂,基体干扰严重,因此在定量分析土壤样品中的PAHs之前,样品前处理步骤十分重要。一种具有好的净化、富集效果的前处理方法可以提高检测方法的灵敏度和选择性。目前用于土壤中PAHs的前处理方法有索式抽提法、微波辅助萃取法(MAE)、超声波提取(UE)、加压溶剂萃取(PLE)、 加速溶剂萃取(ASE)、固相萃取(SPE)、超临界流体萃取(SFE)等。对于土壤中16种PAHs的提取,ASE优于MAE和索式抽提法。SPE法用于土壤中PAHs的前处理,具有操作简单、灵敏度高(检出限为0.02~11.0ng/g)和准确性高(回收率大于77%)等优点。
笔者采用ASE-SPE前处理方法和HPLC-FID检测法进行土壤中PAHs的分析检测,旨在提高分析物的回收率、精度和灵敏度。该方法简单、可靠,可作为土壤中PAHs检测的常规方法。
1 材料与方法
1.1 样品的前处理。
关键词 加速溶剂萃取;固相萃取净化;高效液相色谱;多环芳烃;土壤
中图分类号 S153.6 文献标识码
A 文章编号 0517-6611(2014)03-00723-03
Abstract [Objective] The research aimed to obtain accurate and rapid determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)in soil. [Method] Using acetonitrile as the solvent,16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were extracted by accelerated solvent extraction (ASE). The extract was dehydrated and concentrated, and were purified by the Florisil solid phase extraction. [Result] The detection limits were 0.41-3.97 μg/kg. The recoveries of the spiked sample (0.5-20.0 mg/L) were 81.3%-121.0%, with relative standard deviations were 1.5%-8.8%. [Conclusion] The method effectively removed impurities, and reduced extremely the preprocessor time. It was concluded that the method had high recovery, high sensitivity and good reproducibility. The developed analytical method had been applied successfully to the determination of PAHs in soil.
Key words Accelerated solvent extraction; Solid phase extraction; High performance liquid chromatography; Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons; Soil
多环芳烃(PAHs)是100多种具有2个或2个以上苯环结构的一类持久性有机污染物[1],具有高毒性、致癌性和高致突变性。PAHs主要来自人类活动的排放[2],如煤、石油、柴油或汽油的不完全燃烧,一些处于高温的有机物质(500~800 ℃)或较低温度(100~300 ℃)下有机材料的燃烧也会生成PAHs[3]。自1961年Blumer在土壤中第一次发现PAHs以来,土壤中的PAHs就一直是国内外关注的热点之一[4]。PAHs具有低挥发性、低水溶性和生物降解困难等特点,所以PAHs可在土壤中長期持留且累积,对环境和人体健康造成危害[5]。美国环保署(EPA)已将萘、菲、荧蒽、苯并[k]荧蒽、苯并[a]芘、二苯并[a,h]蒽等16种PAHs确定为环境优先控制污染物,其中苯并[a]芘被指定为衡量PAHs总量的指标[6]。
分析PAHs的方法有很多,如气相色谱法(GC-FID)、气质联用法(GC-MS)和高效液相色谱法(RP-HPLC-UV/FLD)等[7]。土壤中PAHs的检测方法一般采用GC-MS或HPLC。HPLC适于分析检测高沸点不易挥发、热稳定性差(未衍生化)的有机化合物[8]。HPLC还具有分析过程不会破坏样品等优点,可做制备或收集单一组分进一步分析。与MS相比,荧光检测器(FID)检测PAHs具有高荧光量子产率,因此FID更适合定量检测土壤样品中的PAHs。FID的灵敏度比UV检测器高出20~320倍,比MS高出0.8~50.0倍[9]。所以,HPLC-FID法是检测土壤中PAHs的最适方法。
由于PAHs在土壤中为痕量水平,而且土壤成分复杂,基体干扰严重,因此在定量分析土壤样品中的PAHs之前,样品前处理步骤十分重要。一种具有好的净化、富集效果的前处理方法可以提高检测方法的灵敏度和选择性。目前用于土壤中PAHs的前处理方法有索式抽提法、微波辅助萃取法(MAE)、超声波提取(UE)、加压溶剂萃取(PLE)、 加速溶剂萃取(ASE)、固相萃取(SPE)、超临界流体萃取(SFE)等。对于土壤中16种PAHs的提取,ASE优于MAE和索式抽提法。SPE法用于土壤中PAHs的前处理,具有操作简单、灵敏度高(检出限为0.02~11.0ng/g)和准确性高(回收率大于77%)等优点。
笔者采用ASE-SPE前处理方法和HPLC-FID检测法进行土壤中PAHs的分析检测,旨在提高分析物的回收率、精度和灵敏度。该方法简单、可靠,可作为土壤中PAHs检测的常规方法。
1 材料与方法
1.1 样品的前处理。