一、“先行组织者”简介“先行组织者”是由美国著名心理学家奥苏贝尔在20世纪60年代初提出的一个概念。奥苏贝尔通过实验证明学生的认知结构对新的学习有重大作用。他认为学生能否掌握新知识关键取决于他们认知结构中已有的相关概念。意义学习是通过新知识与学生认知结构中已有的相关概念的相互影响才得以产生的,这种相互影响会导致新知识被内化到学生的旧的认知结构中,促使认知结构发生改变。因而,教师向学生讲授新知识之前,要先给学生提供一个与教学内容平行相关的具有较广包容性、较强概括性的引导性材料,然后,学生可以运用这种材料去同化新学习的知识。这种引导性材料,称 First, the “first organizer ” profile “first organizer ” is a concept proposed by the famous American psychologist Ausubel in the early 1960s. Ausubel proves through experiments that the cognitive structure of students plays a significant role in new learning. He believes that the key to students’ ability to master new knowledge depends critically on the relevant concepts they already have in their cognitive structures. Meaning learning is produced through the interaction between new knowledge and relevant concepts already existing in the cognitive structure of students. This interaction leads to the internalization of new knowledge into the old cognitive structure of students and the promotion of cognitive structure changes happened. Therefore, before teaching new knowledge to students, teachers should provide students with a wider inclusive and more general introductory material, which is parallel to the teaching content. Students can then use this material to assimilate new learning know how. This introductory material, said