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微RNA(microRNA,miR)是一类进化上非常保守且不具蛋白质编码作用的小RNA分子,通过降解或阻遏信使RNA(mRNA)在转录后水平起到基因表达调控的作用。据估计人类基因组中含有约1000个miR,它们调控至少30%的人类蛋白质编码基因。miR参与体内多种生物学进程,包括细胞的增殖、分化、发育、凋亡、肿瘤发生和免疫反应。越来越多的证据表明miR在免疫细胞的分化和发育、天然免疫和适应性免疫反应的调节方面起到重要的作用。本文就miR及其在免疫系统的调节方面做一综述。
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small, evolutionarily conserved and non-protein-coding small RNA molecules that regulate gene expression by degrading or repressing the post-transcriptional level of messenger RNA (mRNA). It is estimated that the human genome contains about 1000 miRs that regulate at least 30% of human protein-coding genes. miRs are involved in many biological processes in the body, including cell proliferation, differentiation, development, apoptosis, tumorigenesis and immune responses. There is growing evidence that miR plays an important role in the regulation of immune cell differentiation and development, innate immunity and adaptive immune responses. This article reviews miR and its regulation of the immune system.