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目的根据3种不同隧道施工模式中一氧化碳、氮氧化物浓度情况,提出风险等级、危险分析关键控制点(HACCP)项点及针对性防护措施,最大限度地避免急性职业危害事故的发生。方法选取昆明铁路局单线隧道施工为研究对象,在施工过程中对工人工作位置设置检测点进行一氧化碳、二氧化氮浓度检测,对不同施工模式检测数据进行t检验。按照3种不同施工组织模式中一氧化碳浓度情况划分风险等级,根据HACCP原理找出风险关键项点,制定针对性措施。结果 3种施工模式(捣固、清筛、换轨)正常施工中,二氧化氮浓度从高到低依次为人工清筛、换轨、捣固,均符合国家卫生标准。而一氧化碳浓度从高到低依次为换轨、人工清筛、捣固施工,换轨施工一氧化碳浓度超过国家标准限值4～12倍,人工清筛一氧化碳浓度超过国家标准限值2倍,捣固施工一氧化碳浓度符合国家标准限值。结论隧道单纯捣固施工属于低风险作业,不易引起急性一氧化碳职业中毒;人工清筛作业属于中等风险作业,可能引起急性一氧化碳职业中毒,HACCP关键项点是管理好发电机和同时进入隧道的机车数量;隧道换轨作业属于高风险作业,极易发生急性一氧化碳职业中毒,HACCP关键项点是管理好小型螺栓机及发电机。对3种施工按风险等级从组织管理、人员、设备及防护4个方面对HACCP环节进行职业病危害防护,避免发生急性职业中毒事故。
OBJECTIVE According to the concentration of carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides in three different tunnel construction modes, risk levels, key points of hazard analysis (HACCP) and targeted protective measures are proposed to avoid the occurrence of acute occupational hazards to the maximum. Methods The single-track tunnel construction in Kunming Railway Administration was selected as the research object. During the construction process, the working points of workers were set up to detect the concentrations of carbon monoxide and nitrogen dioxide, and the t test was performed on the test data of different construction modes. According to the concentration of carbon monoxide in three different construction and organization modes, the risk level is divided, the risk key points are found according to the HACCP principle, and the targeted measures are formulated. Results In the normal construction of three kinds of construction modes (tamping, sieving and track changing), the nitrogen dioxide concentrations were manually cleaned, track-changed and tamped in descending order, all in line with the national sanitary standards. The carbon monoxide concentration from high to low in turn track, manual cleaning, tamping construction, track replacement of carbon monoxide concentration exceeds the national standard limit of 4 to 12 times the manual cleaning carbon monoxide concentration exceeds the national standard limit of 2 times tamping Construction of carbon monoxide concentration in line with national standards limit. Conclusions The tunnel tamping construction is a low-risk operation, which is not easy to cause acute carbon monoxide poisoning. Manual screening operation is a medium-risk operation and may cause acute carbon monoxide poisoning. HACCP key points are the number of locomotives that manage generators and tunnels ; Tunnel switch operations are high-risk operations, prone to acute carbon monoxide poisoning, HACCP key points is the management of small bolt machines and generators. The three types of construction according to the risk level from the organization and management, personnel, equipment and protection aspects of HACCP aspects of occupational hazards protection, to avoid acute occupational poisoning.