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一、不定式形式:由“ to + 动词原形”构成。
其否定形成是“not to + 动词原形”,若加强语气可用“never to + 动词原形”。
二、不定式的时态和语态
1. 一般式:一般式表示的动词,有时与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生,有时发生在谓语动词的动作之后。例如:
There is nothing more I can try________ you to stay, so I wish you good luck.(07’上海)
A. being persuaded B. persuading C. to be persuaded D. to persuade
Key: [D]
2. 进行式:表示动作正在进行,与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生。例如:
They seem to be talking about you.
He pretended to be working hard.
3. 完成式:表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前。例如:
Leonardo da Vinci(1452-1519)_______
birds kept in cages in order to have the pleasure of setting them free. (07’重庆)
A. is said to be buying
B. is said to have bought
C. had said to buy
D. has said to have bought
Key:[B]
4. 完成进行式。例如:
She is known to have been working on the problem for many years.
三、不定式的语法功能
不定式在句中不能作谓语,但可以充当主语、表语、宾语、补足语、定语和状语。
1. 作主语:
Not to have a correct goal is like having no soul.
【注意】在很多情况下,特别是在口语中,常采用it作形式主语,而真正的主语是后置的不定式。
(a) It’s important for us to learn English well.
(b) It took me a whole day to complete the article.
2. 作表语:
不定式可放在be动词后面,形成表语。例如:
The important thing you do is ________ your balance.
A. kept B. being kept
C. to have keptD. keep
【解析】 如果不定式对前面do的意思作精确解释,不定式符号to可省略,故答案为 [D]。
3. 作宾语:
(1) 只跟不定式的动词主要有:agree; ask; decide; expect; hope; be about to; want;
manage; pretend; promise; refuse; wish; ch-oose; long(渴望); offer; desire; help; demand; dare; would like; plan; prepare; fail; determine 等。例如:
I don’t know whether you happen ________ it, but I’m going to study in the U.S.A. this September.
A. to be heardB. to be hearing
C. to hearD. to have heard
【解析】 happen to have done sth 为不定式的完成时,表示这一已经完成了的动作,强调对于现在的影响,故答案为[D]。
(2) 动词 + 疑问词 + to作宾语
decide; know; consider; forget; learn; remember; show; understand; see; wonder; hear; find out; explain; tell等。 例如:
I’ve worked with children before, so I know what ________in my new job.
A. expectedB. to expect
C. to be expectingD. expects
Key: [B]
4. 作宾语补足语。例如:
The message is very important, so it is supposed________ as soon as possible. (08’陕西)
A. to be sent B. to send
C. being sentD. sending
Key: [A]
【考点拓展】 (1) 使役动词 let; have;
make感官动词 see; watch; look at; notice;observe; hear; listen to; smell; feel等后的不定式作宾语补足补,在主动语态中不带to ,但在被动语态中则要带to。 例如:
The director had her assistant________ some hot dogs for the meeting.(08’全国II)
A. picked upB. picks up
C. pick up D. picking up
Key: [C]
— Excuse me sir, where is Room 301?
— Just a minute. I’ll have Bob _______you to your room. (07’北京)
A. show B. shows
C. to showD. showing
Key: [A]
(2) help (sb) (to) do sth 表示“帮助(某人)做某事”
He helped me (to) repair the bike.
He can’t help clean the floor.
注意:在介词but;except; besides后面的不定式,如果这些介词前面有do作实意动词的相应形式,那么不定式符号to则要去掉。否则不能去掉to。
What do you like to do besides swim.
He has no choice but to sell his house.
【注意】 在很多情况下,常采用it作形式宾语,而真正的宾语是后置的不定式。
As the busiest woman in Norton, she made it her duty to look after all the other people’s affairs in that town.
5. 作定语。例如:
不定式做定语通常要放在被修饰的词后。
He is the man to send it. (the man是动作的执行者)
He is the man to be sent. (the man是动作的承受者)
【考点拓展】
(1) 不定式做定语时, 不定式与被修饰的词构成动宾关系。
If there’s a lot of work________. I’m happy to just keep on until it is finished. (08’上海)
A. to do B. to be doing
C. done D. Doing
Key: [A]
(2) 不定式做定语时,不定式常表示将来。例如:
I send you 100 dollars today, the rest ________ in a year. (05’湖南)
A. follows B. followed
C. to follow D. being followed
Key: [C]
(3) 个别的不定式做定语时,不定时与被修饰的词有主谓或同位关系。例如:
— The last one ________pays the meal.(07’全国I)
— Agreed!
A. arrived B. arrives
C. to arrive D. arriving
Key: [C]
(4) 不定式如果是不及物动词或者不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点、工具等,不定式后面须有相应的介词。例如:
The chair looks rather hard, but in fact it is very comfortable to ________.
A. sitB. sit on
C. be seat D. be sat on
【解析】如果不定式为不及物动词,其后应加上相应的介词。故答案为 [B] 。
(5) 不定式所修饰的名词如果是time,place或way时,不定式后面的介词习惯上可省略。
Here is the way to come every day.
He had no money and no place to live.
6. 作状语:
(1) 目的状语: to…; too … to, only to (仅仅为了); in order to; so as to; so (such)…as to…; enough…to。例如:
— Did the book give the information youneeded? (08’北京)
— Yes. But________it, I had to readthe entire book.
A. to findB. find
C. to findingD. finding
Key:[A]
(2) 表示出乎预料的结果,要放在句子后面。
He hurried to the booking office only________that all the tickets had been sold out. (06’陕西)
A. to tellB. to be told
C. tellingD. told
Key: [B]
(3) 表原因
We are very excited to hear the news.
7. 其它用法:
(1) 疑问词 + 不定式
疑问词 + 不定式可做主语、宾语、表语等。
How to deal with waste is a big problem.
I don’t know what to write about.
My worry is how to finish the work.
(2) 如果一个不定式在第二次出现时,可以省略其动词,但要保留to。例如:
— Would you like to join me for a quicklunch before class?
— _________ , but I promised Nancy togo out with her. (08’全国I)
A. I’d like to B. I like it.
C. I don’t D. I will
Key: [A]
(3) 用and并列几个不定式时,只保留第一个to。例如:
It is necessary to read and write.
(4) why not do sth.; had better do sth.; would rather do sth.等不定式省略to。
— It’s a long time since I saw my sister.
—______her this weekend? (07’全国I)
A. Why not visit B. why not to visit
C. Why not visitingD. Why don’t visit
Key: [A]
8. 不定式的主动形式表示被动意义
(1) 在系表结构中,在difficult; easy; hard; interesting; pleasant; nice; fit; dangerous 等词后的不定式常用主动表示被动。例如:
I like getting up very early in summer. The morning air is so good________.(08’全国I)
A. to be breathed B. to breathe
C. breathing D. being breathed
Key: [B]
(2) 在have sth to do结构中。例如:
He has some clothes to wash.
【考点拓展】当作定语的不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的承受者时,不定式既可以用主动语态,也可用被动语态,但其含义有所不同。
(a) Do you have anything to type?你有什么要打的呢?(you自己去打,执行者是you)
(b) I’m going to Beijing next Sunday. Do you have anything to be taken your parents. 你有什么要(我)带给你的父母吗?(动作执行者不是you)
(3) 在there is sth. to do / to be done结构中, 两种均可。例如:
If there’s a lot of work________, I am happy to just keep on until it is finished. (08’上海)
A. to do B. to be doing
C. done D. doing
Key: [A]
(4) to let, to blame; to seek; to decide on 通常用主动表示被动的含义。
I think it is your grandmother who is to blame for the spoiled child.
(5) “too…to…”结构中,主被动均可。
The box is too heavy to carry / to be carried.
【考点拓展】某些形容词或副词 (anxious; delighted; eager; easy; ready; willing; surprised; not; never; only; all; but)在“too…to…”结构中没有否定的含义 。
固定词组有:can not … too; can not… over; can not… enough; can never…too 表示“无论怎么……也不为过分”。
She was too surprised to see how angry her father was.
9. 常见的不定式作插入语有: to tell the truth; to be short(简单地); to begin with(首先); to be sure(自然、当然、果然); to be honest / frank; to make things worse; to make a long story short; to speak of(值得一提的是); to be fair; to sum up(概括地说) 等。这些插入语表示说话人的态度,在句子中作独立成份。
—What do you think of the five doll mascots for the 2008 Olympic Games?
—_______ the truth, they are lovely, but we can’t figure out what they mean easily.
A. TellB. To tell C. TellingD. Told
Key: [B]
巩固性练习:从下列选项中选择最佳答案。
1. —Who do you think our teacher will have ________ out the task for our class?
— Monitor, of course.
A. carry B. carried
C. carrying D. to carry
2. She is often listened ________English songs, but this time we had him________ a French song.
A. Sing; singB. sing; to sing
C. to sing; sing D. to to sing; sing
3. You look that light-hearted. Nothing seems ________ to you.
A. to happen
B. to be happened
C. to have happened
D. to have been happened
4. _______ global energy safety, all the coun- tries have been called on to take joint ef- forts.
A. To ensure B. Ensuring
C. Having ensured D. To have ensured
5. She will tell us why she feels so strongly that each of us has a role ________ inmaking the earth a better place for living.
A. to have played B. to play
C. to be played D. to be playing
6. Don’t you think it any good________ inpublic places?
A. forbidding smoking
B. to forbid smoking
C. to forbid to smoke
D. forbidding to smoke
7. — I’d like to learn more about the DohaAsian Games.
— Better try________ the CCTV website, and you are likely________ the infor- mation in no time.
A. to visit; to get B. to visit; getting
C. visiting; to get D. visiting; getting
8. According to their predictions, more than 20,000 tourists are expected________ by the hotel this year.
A. to be received B. to receive
C. receiving D. received
9. Any student, who is thought ________ the rules, for example, by cheating, has______ before a student court.
A. to have broken; to appear
B. to break; to get
C. broken; taken
D. to break; to be taken
10. — I heard you were invited to thepresident’s party.
— Yes. I was surprised at how easy the president was________.
A. for talking B. talking to
C. to talk D. to talk to
Keys: 1-5 ADCAB
6-10 BCAAD
其否定形成是“not to + 动词原形”,若加强语气可用“never to + 动词原形”。
二、不定式的时态和语态
1. 一般式:一般式表示的动词,有时与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生,有时发生在谓语动词的动作之后。例如:
There is nothing more I can try________ you to stay, so I wish you good luck.(07’上海)
A. being persuaded B. persuading C. to be persuaded D. to persuade
Key: [D]
2. 进行式:表示动作正在进行,与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生。例如:
They seem to be talking about you.
He pretended to be working hard.
3. 完成式:表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前。例如:
Leonardo da Vinci(1452-1519)_______
birds kept in cages in order to have the pleasure of setting them free. (07’重庆)
A. is said to be buying
B. is said to have bought
C. had said to buy
D. has said to have bought
Key:[B]
4. 完成进行式。例如:
She is known to have been working on the problem for many years.
三、不定式的语法功能
不定式在句中不能作谓语,但可以充当主语、表语、宾语、补足语、定语和状语。
1. 作主语:
Not to have a correct goal is like having no soul.
【注意】在很多情况下,特别是在口语中,常采用it作形式主语,而真正的主语是后置的不定式。
(a) It’s important for us to learn English well.
(b) It took me a whole day to complete the article.
2. 作表语:
不定式可放在be动词后面,形成表语。例如:
The important thing you do is ________ your balance.
A. kept B. being kept
C. to have keptD. keep
【解析】 如果不定式对前面do的意思作精确解释,不定式符号to可省略,故答案为 [D]。
3. 作宾语:
(1) 只跟不定式的动词主要有:agree; ask; decide; expect; hope; be about to; want;
manage; pretend; promise; refuse; wish; ch-oose; long(渴望); offer; desire; help; demand; dare; would like; plan; prepare; fail; determine 等。例如:
I don’t know whether you happen ________ it, but I’m going to study in the U.S.A. this September.
A. to be heardB. to be hearing
C. to hearD. to have heard
【解析】 happen to have done sth 为不定式的完成时,表示这一已经完成了的动作,强调对于现在的影响,故答案为[D]。
(2) 动词 + 疑问词 + to作宾语
decide; know; consider; forget; learn; remember; show; understand; see; wonder; hear; find out; explain; tell等。 例如:
I’ve worked with children before, so I know what ________in my new job.
A. expectedB. to expect
C. to be expectingD. expects
Key: [B]
4. 作宾语补足语。例如:
The message is very important, so it is supposed________ as soon as possible. (08’陕西)
A. to be sent B. to send
C. being sentD. sending
Key: [A]
【考点拓展】 (1) 使役动词 let; have;
make感官动词 see; watch; look at; notice;observe; hear; listen to; smell; feel等后的不定式作宾语补足补,在主动语态中不带to ,但在被动语态中则要带to。 例如:
The director had her assistant________ some hot dogs for the meeting.(08’全国II)
A. picked upB. picks up
C. pick up D. picking up
Key: [C]
— Excuse me sir, where is Room 301?
— Just a minute. I’ll have Bob _______you to your room. (07’北京)
A. show B. shows
C. to showD. showing
Key: [A]
(2) help (sb) (to) do sth 表示“帮助(某人)做某事”
He helped me (to) repair the bike.
He can’t help clean the floor.
注意:在介词but;except; besides后面的不定式,如果这些介词前面有do作实意动词的相应形式,那么不定式符号to则要去掉。否则不能去掉to。
What do you like to do besides swim.
He has no choice but to sell his house.
【注意】 在很多情况下,常采用it作形式宾语,而真正的宾语是后置的不定式。
As the busiest woman in Norton, she made it her duty to look after all the other people’s affairs in that town.
5. 作定语。例如:
不定式做定语通常要放在被修饰的词后。
He is the man to send it. (the man是动作的执行者)
He is the man to be sent. (the man是动作的承受者)
【考点拓展】
(1) 不定式做定语时, 不定式与被修饰的词构成动宾关系。
If there’s a lot of work________. I’m happy to just keep on until it is finished. (08’上海)
A. to do B. to be doing
C. done D. Doing
Key: [A]
(2) 不定式做定语时,不定式常表示将来。例如:
I send you 100 dollars today, the rest ________ in a year. (05’湖南)
A. follows B. followed
C. to follow D. being followed
Key: [C]
(3) 个别的不定式做定语时,不定时与被修饰的词有主谓或同位关系。例如:
— The last one ________pays the meal.(07’全国I)
— Agreed!
A. arrived B. arrives
C. to arrive D. arriving
Key: [C]
(4) 不定式如果是不及物动词或者不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点、工具等,不定式后面须有相应的介词。例如:
The chair looks rather hard, but in fact it is very comfortable to ________.
A. sitB. sit on
C. be seat D. be sat on
【解析】如果不定式为不及物动词,其后应加上相应的介词。故答案为 [B] 。
(5) 不定式所修饰的名词如果是time,place或way时,不定式后面的介词习惯上可省略。
Here is the way to come every day.
He had no money and no place to live.
6. 作状语:
(1) 目的状语: to…; too … to, only to (仅仅为了); in order to; so as to; so (such)…as to…; enough…to。例如:
— Did the book give the information youneeded? (08’北京)
— Yes. But________it, I had to readthe entire book.
A. to findB. find
C. to findingD. finding
Key:[A]
(2) 表示出乎预料的结果,要放在句子后面。
He hurried to the booking office only________that all the tickets had been sold out. (06’陕西)
A. to tellB. to be told
C. tellingD. told
Key: [B]
(3) 表原因
We are very excited to hear the news.
7. 其它用法:
(1) 疑问词 + 不定式
疑问词 + 不定式可做主语、宾语、表语等。
How to deal with waste is a big problem.
I don’t know what to write about.
My worry is how to finish the work.
(2) 如果一个不定式在第二次出现时,可以省略其动词,但要保留to。例如:
— Would you like to join me for a quicklunch before class?
— _________ , but I promised Nancy togo out with her. (08’全国I)
A. I’d like to B. I like it.
C. I don’t D. I will
Key: [A]
(3) 用and并列几个不定式时,只保留第一个to。例如:
It is necessary to read and write.
(4) why not do sth.; had better do sth.; would rather do sth.等不定式省略to。
— It’s a long time since I saw my sister.
—______her this weekend? (07’全国I)
A. Why not visit B. why not to visit
C. Why not visitingD. Why don’t visit
Key: [A]
8. 不定式的主动形式表示被动意义
(1) 在系表结构中,在difficult; easy; hard; interesting; pleasant; nice; fit; dangerous 等词后的不定式常用主动表示被动。例如:
I like getting up very early in summer. The morning air is so good________.(08’全国I)
A. to be breathed B. to breathe
C. breathing D. being breathed
Key: [B]
(2) 在have sth to do结构中。例如:
He has some clothes to wash.
【考点拓展】当作定语的不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的承受者时,不定式既可以用主动语态,也可用被动语态,但其含义有所不同。
(a) Do you have anything to type?你有什么要打的呢?(you自己去打,执行者是you)
(b) I’m going to Beijing next Sunday. Do you have anything to be taken your parents. 你有什么要(我)带给你的父母吗?(动作执行者不是you)
(3) 在there is sth. to do / to be done结构中, 两种均可。例如:
If there’s a lot of work________, I am happy to just keep on until it is finished. (08’上海)
A. to do B. to be doing
C. done D. doing
Key: [A]
(4) to let, to blame; to seek; to decide on 通常用主动表示被动的含义。
I think it is your grandmother who is to blame for the spoiled child.
(5) “too…to…”结构中,主被动均可。
The box is too heavy to carry / to be carried.
【考点拓展】某些形容词或副词 (anxious; delighted; eager; easy; ready; willing; surprised; not; never; only; all; but)在“too…to…”结构中没有否定的含义 。
固定词组有:can not … too; can not… over; can not… enough; can never…too 表示“无论怎么……也不为过分”。
She was too surprised to see how angry her father was.
9. 常见的不定式作插入语有: to tell the truth; to be short(简单地); to begin with(首先); to be sure(自然、当然、果然); to be honest / frank; to make things worse; to make a long story short; to speak of(值得一提的是); to be fair; to sum up(概括地说) 等。这些插入语表示说话人的态度,在句子中作独立成份。
—What do you think of the five doll mascots for the 2008 Olympic Games?
—_______ the truth, they are lovely, but we can’t figure out what they mean easily.
A. TellB. To tell C. TellingD. Told
Key: [B]
巩固性练习:从下列选项中选择最佳答案。
1. —Who do you think our teacher will have ________ out the task for our class?
— Monitor, of course.
A. carry B. carried
C. carrying D. to carry
2. She is often listened ________English songs, but this time we had him________ a French song.
A. Sing; singB. sing; to sing
C. to sing; sing D. to to sing; sing
3. You look that light-hearted. Nothing seems ________ to you.
A. to happen
B. to be happened
C. to have happened
D. to have been happened
4. _______ global energy safety, all the coun- tries have been called on to take joint ef- forts.
A. To ensure B. Ensuring
C. Having ensured D. To have ensured
5. She will tell us why she feels so strongly that each of us has a role ________ inmaking the earth a better place for living.
A. to have played B. to play
C. to be played D. to be playing
6. Don’t you think it any good________ inpublic places?
A. forbidding smoking
B. to forbid smoking
C. to forbid to smoke
D. forbidding to smoke
7. — I’d like to learn more about the DohaAsian Games.
— Better try________ the CCTV website, and you are likely________ the infor- mation in no time.
A. to visit; to get B. to visit; getting
C. visiting; to get D. visiting; getting
8. According to their predictions, more than 20,000 tourists are expected________ by the hotel this year.
A. to be received B. to receive
C. receiving D. received
9. Any student, who is thought ________ the rules, for example, by cheating, has______ before a student court.
A. to have broken; to appear
B. to break; to get
C. broken; taken
D. to break; to be taken
10. — I heard you were invited to thepresident’s party.
— Yes. I was surprised at how easy the president was________.
A. for talking B. talking to
C. to talk D. to talk to
Keys: 1-5 ADCAB
6-10 BCAAD