用挤压铸造法制备了低体积分数（３％～７％）的硅酸铝短纤维增强Ａｌ１２Ｓｉ合金复合材料，并利用销盘磨损试验机研究了材料在干摩擦条件下的磨损行为。磨损试验结果表明：硅酸铝短纤维加入到Ａｌ１２Ｓｉ合金明显提高抗磨损能力，随纤维体积分数的增加该复合材料的耐磨性逐渐增强。金相观察和测试表明：基体合金和复合材料的磨损区由硬化层和变形层组成，断裂的ＡｌＳｉ共晶相沿滑动方向重新分布排列形成了硬化层；而复合材料硬化层由于破断的硅酸铝纤维和破碎的ＡｌＳｉ共晶相的共同作用，使该硬化层硬度高于基体合金硬化层的硬度，从而使复合材料表现出优异的耐磨性。并根据试验结果提出了基体合金和复合材料的磨损机制模型 A low volume fraction (3% ~ 7%) aluminum silicate short fiber reinforced Al12Si alloy composite was prepared by extrusion casting method. The wear behavior of the material under dry friction condition was studied by pin-plate wear tester. Wear test results show that: Al silicate short fibers added to Al  12Si alloy significantly improve the wear resistance, with the increase of fiber volume fraction of the wear resistance of the composite material gradually increased. Metallographic observation and testing showed that the wear zone of the matrix alloy and the composite was composed of a hardened layer and a deformable layer, and the fractured Al-Si eutectic phase was redistributed along the sliding direction to form a hardened layer; and the hardened layer of the hardened composite material was broken by the broken silicon The combined action of the acid aluminum fiber and the cracked Al Si eutectic phase results in the hardness of the hardened layer being higher than that of the hardened layer of the base alloy so that the composite material exhibits excellent wear resistance. According to the experimental results, the wear mechanism model of matrix alloy and composite was proposed