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在我们从文化角度讨论知识创新的有关问题之前,有必要先对文化的理念加以粗略的梳理。首先,从词源上讲,文化一词英文为 Gulture,来源于拉丁文 cultura,意即“耕种出来的东西”。于是作为人类社会的衍生物,与“自然存在的东西”相对立,并与后者共同构成人类社会两类基本存在。因此,从一开始“文化”就是一个内涵极其广泛的概念。历史上,众多的学者从不同的侧面去认识和描述文化的概念,各说不一,难有比较一致的界定。在众说纷纭、斑斓多彩的文化概念的描述中,笔者更为赞赏美国人类学家林顿(R·Linton1893—1953)的论述:文化是“某特定社会的成员共享并互相传递的知识、态度、习惯行为模式等的总和。”林顿的论述从本质上包含了文化的两大类型:第一类称为知识型文化。我们熟知的自然科学
Before we discuss the related issues of knowledge innovation from a cultural perspective, it is necessary to sketch the cultural concept roughly. First of all, from an etymological point of view, the word culture in English is Gulture, derived from the Latin cultura, meaning “something cultivated”. So as a derivative of human society, and “natural existence of things” opposite, and together with the latter constitute two basic human beings. Therefore, from the beginning, “culture” is an extremely connotative concept. Historically, many scholars from different aspects to understand and describe the concept of culture, different, difficult to have a more consistent definition. In the diverse conceptions of multicolored cultural conceptions, I would like to pay more tribute to the statement by American anthropologist Rinton Linton (1893-1953) that culture is “the knowledge, attitudes, Customary patterns of behavior, etc. ”Linton’s exposition consists essentially of two major types of culture: the first is called a knowledge-based culture. We are familiar with the natural sciences