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黄河中下游地区龙山时代中晚期(4.5~4.0kaB.P.)酋邦社会的产生是我国史前社会演进过程中一个重要事件,关于其形成机制,学者提出了各种假说或理论,然而到目前为止,还没有一种理论能够给出令人满意的解释。本文首先根据考古和历史文献证据,揭示出龙山时代中晚期战争盛行的社会现象,从而支持了国际学术界关于战争是史前社会演化主要驱动力理论;然后利用多种自然气候记录恢复了龙山时代气候变化历史,发现龙山时代中晚期,即大约4.5~4.0kaB.P.发生了显著气候变化,其发生时间与黄河中下游地区龙山酋邦社会产生的时间比较吻合,暗示二者之间存在某种联系。另外结合人口学和社会演进理论,尝试提出另一种可供检验的假说,即认为在主要由于人口增长形成的限制条件下,气候变化作用于一定人口规模之上,引起人口-资源失衡,并进而触发的冲突和战争是黄河中下游地区酋邦社会产生的主要动因。
The middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River Middle and late Longshan times (4.5 ~ 4.0kaB.P.) The emergence of chiefdom society is an important event in the prehistoric social evolution of our country. As to its formation mechanism, scholars have put forward various hypotheses or theories, however, So far, no theory can give a satisfactory explanation. Based on the evidences of archeology and historical documents, this paper reveals the social phenomena prevailing in the middle and late Longshan era and supports the theory that war is the main driving force of prehistoric social evolution in the international academic community. Then, the climate of Longshan era is restored by using a variety of natural climate records Changes in history and found that the middle and late Longshan era, about 4.5 ~ 4.0kaB.P. Significant climate change occurred, its occurrence time and the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River Longshan chiefdom society to produce time is more consistent, suggesting that there is some between the two contact. In addition, in combination with the theory of demography and social evolution, another attempt is made to put forward another hypothesis that can be tested. That is, under the constraint mainly caused by population growth, climate change acts on a certain population scale, causing population-resource imbalance The conflicts and wars triggered by this are the main motives for the emergence of chiefdom society in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River.