论文部分内容阅读
环境法律和政策的核心是作出艰难的决策,它需要全盘考虑科学、经济、法律和政治问题,更不用说不可避免的权衡问题。虽然环境法可能具有让人畏惧的复杂性,但实践证明理解机制选择可以简明易懂。或许让人有点惊讶的是,只有5个基本的政策机制扮演角色,这些政策机制通过一个简单的“5P’s(The Five P’s)”框架可以被有效的讲授。5P’s包括指令性规范、财产权、经济惩罚、财政支付和说服。几乎没有哪种机制是解决某一问题的最佳工具,机制选择面临诸多挑战在于识别每种机制内在的优势和劣势。
Central to environmental laws and policies is the difficult decision-making that requires a holistic consideration of scientific, economic, legal and political issues, let alone the inevitable trade-offs. While environmental law can have daunting complexities, it has been proved that the choice of mechanism of understanding can be straightforward. Perhaps surprisingly, only five basic policy mechanisms play a role. These policy mechanisms can be effectively taught through a simple “5P’s (The Five P’s)” framework. 5P’s includes prescriptive norms, property rights, financial penalties, financial payments and persuasion. Almost no mechanism is the best tool for solving a problem, and many challenges in selecting a mechanism lie in identifying the inherent strengths and weaknesses of each mechanism.