面对 19世纪末资本主义的新变化 ,恩格斯从两个方面探索了新的历史条件下无产阶级革命斗争的新方式。一方面指出 :利用资产阶级民主制和普选权进行合法斗争是“一件新的武器———最锐利的武器中的一件武器”。另一方面 ,恩格斯依然强调“无产阶级不通过暴力革命就不可能夺取自己的政治统治 ,即通往新社会的惟一大门”。恩格斯的这些探索对 2 0世纪东西方的社会主义运动都产生深远的影响。 2 0世纪东方的社会主义运动沿着暴力革命的路径继续探索 ,用暴力手段打碎资产阶级国家机器 ,取而代之的是无产阶级国家政权。本文称这种社会主义代替资本主义的方式为“制度代替”方式。西方社会主义运动则沿着利用资产阶级民主制和普选权的路径向前探索 ,并建立了适合西方国情的理论框架。本文称这种代替资本主义的方式为“价值代替”方式。这两种方式将在 2 1世纪的社会主义运动中相得益彰 In the face of the new changes of capitalism in the late 19th century, Engels explored new ways of fighting the proletarian revolution under two new conditions in historical conditions. On the one hand, they pointed out: The legitimate struggle to use bourgeois democracy and universal suffrage is “a new weapon - one of the sharpest weapons.” On the other hand, Engels still emphasized: “It is impossible for the proletariat to seize its own political reins without violent revolution, the only gateway to a new society.” These expeditions by Engels exerted a far-reaching influence on the socialist movement between East and West in the 20th century. In the 20th century, the socialist movement in the east continued to explore along the path of violent revolution, using violent means to smash the bourgeois state machine and replacing it with the proletarian state power. This paper calls this way of socialism instead of capitalism the way of “institutional substitution.” The Western socialist movement explored along the path of using bourgeois democracy and universal suffrage and established a theoretical framework suited to the Western situation. This article calls this alternative capitalism the way of “value substitution”. These two approaches will complement each other in the socialist movement of the 21st century