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Keel sets in co were affected by silk receptivity,pollen grain vigor,and the synchronization of silking and pollen shedding.Grain yield decrement was often caused by poor keel set ability under field conditions.This study was conducted with two co hybrids-Yedan 12 and Yedan 19in both field and laboratory to observe silk receptivity,pollen vigor,synchronization of silking and pollen,and their effects on the keel sets.The results showed that silk receptivity could be maintained over a relatively longer period of time after silks emerged,but both keel set percentage and keel weight decreased as silks aged when pollination occurred.Pollen grains that shed earlier had higher TTC-dehydrogenase activity,higher germination percentage,more rapid pollen tube growth rate,and higher percentage of keel sets and keel weight than those that shed later.The effect of delayed silking on keel set ability was more significant compared with delayed pollen.Synchronization of silking and pollen shedding showed different characters in different hybrids:"partial overlapped" for Yedan 12 and "overlapped" for Yedan 19.