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动词时态历来是NMET考查的重点､热点,也是学生们学习的难点语法项目之一,但解答此类题也并非无章可循,现结合高考典型试题将其命题角度及解题方法介绍如下,以期对同学们有所帮助｡
一､ 把握时间信息
动词的时态应该和时间状语保持一致｡高考试题常根据题干中已知的时间状语选择合适时态,且常在题干中加入具体的情景｡因此正确解答此类试题的方法是:把握时间信息,结合语境,选择正确的时态｡
1. —I don’t suppose the police know who did it. (2006江苏卷)
—Well, surprisingly they do. A man has been arrested and______now.
A. has been questioned
B. is being questioned
C. is questioning
D. has questioned
分析: 根据句中的时间状语now的提示,此处应排除A､D两项,用现在进行时｡由a man与question之间存在被动关系可知,此处应用被动语态B｡
2. My friend, who______on the International Olympic Committee all his life, is retiring next month. (2006浙江卷)
A. served
B. is serving
C. had served
D. has served
分析: 根据句中的时间状语all his life来判断,此处应用完成时态｡根据主句的谓语动词is retiring(将要退休)也可进一步印证应用现在完成时态,故答案为D｡
二､ 遵循呼应原则
高考试题经常从复合句(例如含状语从句､名词性从句)中的主､从句时态呼应的角度命题｡正确解答此类试题的方法是:根据时态呼应的原则来解题｡
3. I won’t tell the student the answer to the math problem until he______on it for more than an hour. (2006湖北卷)
A. has been working
B. will have worked
C. will have been working
D. had worked
分析: 在时间､条件状语从句中谓语动词通常用一般现在时表示主句的将来时,一般过去时表示过去将来时,现在完成时表示将来完成时｡此题中until引导的是一个时间状语从句,遵循如上呼应原则,答案为A｡
4. —Hurry up! Alice and Sue are waiting for you at the school gate.
—Oh! I thought they______without me. (2005江西卷)
A. went
B. are going
C. have gone
D. had gone
分析: 本题考查的是宾语从句的时态｡在名词性从句中,如果主句动词为现在时或一般将来时,则从句动词可用所需的任何时态;若主句动词为过去时,则从句动词用相应的过去时态(客观真理除外)｡遵循如上的呼应原则,可排除B､C两项,根据句意:我原以为他们两个早已经走了(“走”这个动作发生于“原以为”之前),可知答案为D｡
三､ 体会分析语境
近几年的时态命题往往都设置隐含时间状语,也就是将时间隐含在上下句或前后句的动词中,这也是近几年高考命题的热点,应予以高度重视｡正确解答此类试题的方法是: 准确破译题干信息,寻找参照时间,根据具体的语境并结合所获得的语言知识和语言经验来选择正确答案｡
5. —Thank goodness, you’re here!What______you?
—Traffic jam. (2004全国卷4)
A. keeps
B. is keeping
C. had kept
D. kept
分析: 本题的情景是:两人约好见面,一人姗姗来迟,见面后另一人松了口气:“谢天谢地,你终于来了!”他接着追问其迟到的理由,因为他已到那儿了,“keep”这个动作只能是发生在过去,谓语动词应该用一般过去时｡
6. Listen to the two girls by the window. What language______ ? (2005全国卷3)
A. did they speak
B. were they speaking
C. are they speaking
D. have they been speaking
分析: 根据前一分句中的谓语动词(listen)可知,此时两个女孩正在交谈,所以答案为C｡
四､ 利用座标图
有些时态(例如过去完成时态､过去将来时态)是相对的时态,涉及到两个动作的对比,正确解答此类试题的方法是:利用座标图标出不同动作发生的时间先后顺序,有助于快速提取信息,理清脉络,从而找到正确答案｡
7. John, a friend of mine, who got married only last week, spent $3,000 more than he______for the wedding. (2006全国卷2)
A. will plan
B. has planned
C. would plan
D. had planned
分析: 此题中主句的动作(spent)发生在过去(Past)某一点时间上,而than-clause的动作(plan)发生在“过去的过去”,亦即在Before这个时间点就已经计划好了,故答案为D｡图解如下:
8. In a room above the store, where a party______ , some workers were busily setting the table. (2006湖南卷)
A. was to be held
B. has been held
C. will be held
D. is being held
分析: 根据some workers were busily setting the table判断,聚会还没举行,应用将来时态,且整个句子用了过去时,所以此处应用过去将来时态A｡图解如下:
五､ 牢记句型中的固定时态
高考试题有时考查一些句型中的固定时态｡正确解答此类试题的方法是:识别句型,牢记规则｡
9. —Did Linda see the traffic accident? (2006天津卷)
—No, no sooner______than it happened.
A. had she gone
B. she had gone
C. has she gone
D. she has gone
分析: “no sooner ... than ...”为固定句型,表示“一……就……”,no sooner后的谓语动词用过去完成时,than从句中谓语动词用一般过去时,故答案为A｡
10. I______along the street looking for a place to park when the accident______ . (2006安徽卷)
A. went; was occurring
B. went; occurred
C. was going; occurred
D. was going; had occurred
分析: “be doing ... when ...”为固定句型,表示“正在……突然(就在这时候)……”,故答案为C｡
11. —Do you know our town at all?
—No, this is the first time I ______ here. (NMET 92)
A. was
B. have been
C. came
D. am coming
分析: 在固定句型“It / This / That + be + the first / second time + that ...”中,从句中要用完成时｡如果主句动词为is,that从句中一律用现在完成时;当主句动词为was时,that从句中用过去完成时｡故答案为B｡
12. They asked me to have a drink with them. I said that it was at least ten years since I______a good drink. (MET 88)
A. had enjoyed
B. was enjoying
C. enjoyed
D. had been enjoying
分析: 在固定句型“It + be + 段时间 + since ...”中,如果主句谓语动词为现在时(is),那么从句中要用过去时;如果主句谓语动词为过去时(was),那么从句中要用过去完成时,故答案为A｡
当然,任何一种解题方法都不是孤立的､万能的,更多的时候需双管齐下,才能达到预期的目的｡
一､ 把握时间信息
动词的时态应该和时间状语保持一致｡高考试题常根据题干中已知的时间状语选择合适时态,且常在题干中加入具体的情景｡因此正确解答此类试题的方法是:把握时间信息,结合语境,选择正确的时态｡
1. —I don’t suppose the police know who did it. (2006江苏卷)
—Well, surprisingly they do. A man has been arrested and______now.
A. has been questioned
B. is being questioned
C. is questioning
D. has questioned
分析: 根据句中的时间状语now的提示,此处应排除A､D两项,用现在进行时｡由a man与question之间存在被动关系可知,此处应用被动语态B｡
2. My friend, who______on the International Olympic Committee all his life, is retiring next month. (2006浙江卷)
A. served
B. is serving
C. had served
D. has served
分析: 根据句中的时间状语all his life来判断,此处应用完成时态｡根据主句的谓语动词is retiring(将要退休)也可进一步印证应用现在完成时态,故答案为D｡
二､ 遵循呼应原则
高考试题经常从复合句(例如含状语从句､名词性从句)中的主､从句时态呼应的角度命题｡正确解答此类试题的方法是:根据时态呼应的原则来解题｡
3. I won’t tell the student the answer to the math problem until he______on it for more than an hour. (2006湖北卷)
A. has been working
B. will have worked
C. will have been working
D. had worked
分析: 在时间､条件状语从句中谓语动词通常用一般现在时表示主句的将来时,一般过去时表示过去将来时,现在完成时表示将来完成时｡此题中until引导的是一个时间状语从句,遵循如上呼应原则,答案为A｡
4. —Hurry up! Alice and Sue are waiting for you at the school gate.
—Oh! I thought they______without me. (2005江西卷)
A. went
B. are going
C. have gone
D. had gone
分析: 本题考查的是宾语从句的时态｡在名词性从句中,如果主句动词为现在时或一般将来时,则从句动词可用所需的任何时态;若主句动词为过去时,则从句动词用相应的过去时态(客观真理除外)｡遵循如上的呼应原则,可排除B､C两项,根据句意:我原以为他们两个早已经走了(“走”这个动作发生于“原以为”之前),可知答案为D｡
三､ 体会分析语境
近几年的时态命题往往都设置隐含时间状语,也就是将时间隐含在上下句或前后句的动词中,这也是近几年高考命题的热点,应予以高度重视｡正确解答此类试题的方法是: 准确破译题干信息,寻找参照时间,根据具体的语境并结合所获得的语言知识和语言经验来选择正确答案｡
5. —Thank goodness, you’re here!What______you?
—Traffic jam. (2004全国卷4)
A. keeps
B. is keeping
C. had kept
D. kept
分析: 本题的情景是:两人约好见面,一人姗姗来迟,见面后另一人松了口气:“谢天谢地,你终于来了!”他接着追问其迟到的理由,因为他已到那儿了,“keep”这个动作只能是发生在过去,谓语动词应该用一般过去时｡
6. Listen to the two girls by the window. What language______ ? (2005全国卷3)
A. did they speak
B. were they speaking
C. are they speaking
D. have they been speaking
分析: 根据前一分句中的谓语动词(listen)可知,此时两个女孩正在交谈,所以答案为C｡
四､ 利用座标图
有些时态(例如过去完成时态､过去将来时态)是相对的时态,涉及到两个动作的对比,正确解答此类试题的方法是:利用座标图标出不同动作发生的时间先后顺序,有助于快速提取信息,理清脉络,从而找到正确答案｡
7. John, a friend of mine, who got married only last week, spent $3,000 more than he______for the wedding. (2006全国卷2)
A. will plan
B. has planned
C. would plan
D. had planned
分析: 此题中主句的动作(spent)发生在过去(Past)某一点时间上,而than-clause的动作(plan)发生在“过去的过去”,亦即在Before这个时间点就已经计划好了,故答案为D｡图解如下:
8. In a room above the store, where a party______ , some workers were busily setting the table. (2006湖南卷)
A. was to be held
B. has been held
C. will be held
D. is being held
分析: 根据some workers were busily setting the table判断,聚会还没举行,应用将来时态,且整个句子用了过去时,所以此处应用过去将来时态A｡图解如下:
五､ 牢记句型中的固定时态
高考试题有时考查一些句型中的固定时态｡正确解答此类试题的方法是:识别句型,牢记规则｡
9. —Did Linda see the traffic accident? (2006天津卷)
—No, no sooner______than it happened.
A. had she gone
B. she had gone
C. has she gone
D. she has gone
分析: “no sooner ... than ...”为固定句型,表示“一……就……”,no sooner后的谓语动词用过去完成时,than从句中谓语动词用一般过去时,故答案为A｡
10. I______along the street looking for a place to park when the accident______ . (2006安徽卷)
A. went; was occurring
B. went; occurred
C. was going; occurred
D. was going; had occurred
分析: “be doing ... when ...”为固定句型,表示“正在……突然(就在这时候)……”,故答案为C｡
11. —Do you know our town at all?
—No, this is the first time I ______ here. (NMET 92)
A. was
B. have been
C. came
D. am coming
分析: 在固定句型“It / This / That + be + the first / second time + that ...”中,从句中要用完成时｡如果主句动词为is,that从句中一律用现在完成时;当主句动词为was时,that从句中用过去完成时｡故答案为B｡
12. They asked me to have a drink with them. I said that it was at least ten years since I______a good drink. (MET 88)
A. had enjoyed
B. was enjoying
C. enjoyed
D. had been enjoying
分析: 在固定句型“It + be + 段时间 + since ...”中,如果主句谓语动词为现在时(is),那么从句中要用过去时;如果主句谓语动词为过去时(was),那么从句中要用过去完成时,故答案为A｡
当然,任何一种解题方法都不是孤立的､万能的,更多的时候需双管齐下,才能达到预期的目的｡