一、群体的本质四书中有关群体的观点,可以说具有两个基本特点:首先,在对个人修养的关心和对政体管理的关心这两者之间并没有什么区别,我们仍可以区分为私人的和公众的这两个不同领域在这里是完全融合在一起的,道德哲学和政治哲学的范畴是如此密切地联系着,以致于似乎没有什么必要去解释它们之间的相互关系。其次,“道”,被认为是社会的恒定不变和最基本的结构,而这一社会由于两个基本的群体:家长制的家庭和君主制的国家,而得以稳固下来。孔子、孟子、以及礼的各种教科书的作者们,看来是认为,家长制的家庭和君主制的国家乃 I. THE NATURE OF THE GROUPS There are two basic characteristics of the group’s viewpoints on the Four Books: First, there is no difference between the concern for personal accomplishment and the concern for the management of the regime, and we can still be distinguished as private Here the two different areas of the public and the public are completely fused together, and the categories of moral philosophy and political philosophy are so closely linked that it seems that there is no need to explain the interrelationships between them. Second, “Tao” is considered as a constant and fundamental structure of society that has been stabilized by two basic groups: a patriarchal family and a monarchy. The authors of Confucius, Mencius, and Etiquette textbooks appear to believe that patriarchal families and monarchies are