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摘 要:大学生在英语写作过程中,受母语干扰、词法和语法知识不牢固、学习态度不认真等因素的影响,容易出现各种各样的写作错误。本文以大学生写作中的常见错误为例,从英语词汇误用、句子结构混乱、不符合句法等方面分析大学英语写作中普遍存在的问题,并提出纠正错误的方法,以提高大学生的英语写作能力及水平。
关键词:大学英语;英语写作;常见错误;分析;写作水平
中图分类号:G642 文献标志码:A 文章编号:1008-3561(2021)20-0020-02
写作教学是大学英语教学的重要组成部分,英语写作反映了学生使用英语语言的技巧的熟练度。大学生在英语写作过程中,受母语干扰、词法和语法知识不牢固、学习态度不认真等因素的影响,容易忽略英语语言的词法、句法,甚至用母语进行直译,以致出现各种各样的写作错误。为提高学生的英语写作水平,笔者从学生作文中总结出词法和句法这两个层面的一些常见错误,并加以分析、纠正。
一、词汇的误用
(1)词性混用。“The man got his ideal job because of his confident.”分析:“confident”是形容词,介词“of”的宾语应是名词形式“confidence”。又如,形容词作谓语:It is a good habit if one can punctual.改为:It is a good habit if one can be punctual.
(2)同义选词错误。“There are more and more questions between doctors and patients.”分析:“question”指存在质疑需回答理由,而句中医患纠纷是客观亟待解决的问题,用“problems”比较恰当。
(3)单词拼写错误。“It is a big chanllenge for me to live alone far away from home.”分析:“chanllenge”一词拼写错误,正确的是“challenge”。对于音节较多的单词,学生拼写时容易落字母或加字母。
(4)单词搭配错误。“I am completely hooked by the idea of a camping holiday.”分析:“be hooked on”意为“被什么吸引”或“引起……的兴趣”,应该把by 改为 on。又如,replace和substitute均可用作動词,“X is replaced by Y.”和“Y is substituted for X.”均表达“以Y代替X”,但两句中应使用不同的介词。
(5)词义搭配混乱、混淆同义词和词组。“His wife tried to restrict him from drinking too much.”(错)“His wife tried to restrain him from drinking too much.”(对)分析:restrict与restrain是近义词,但具体用法和搭配不同。restrict常与 to连用,意思是“限制、约束”;而 restrain常与 from搭配,意思是“阻止、遏制”。
(6)同源形容词的选词错误。“She is a respectful professor and we are respectable to her.”(错)“She is a respectable professor and we are respectful to her.”(对)分析:respectable的含义是“体面的、可尊敬的;相当的”;respectful则是“有礼貌的、尊重(他)人的”。而respective是“各自的、分别的”,与“尊敬”毫无关系。
二、句法错误
(1)各种基础语法错误。1)主谓不一致,如“My family enjoys watching TV every day.”分析:family 形式上是单数,但意义上却表达复数概念,谓语动词也应选择复数形式。还要注意数量、距离、时间等名词做主语时,无论单复数,谓语动词一律用单数形式。2)代词不一致或指代不清,如“It was him who won the scholarship last term.”分析:“It is(was) 被强调的部分 that...”中,被强调的部分要和后面的主句保持人称和数的一致,上句中被强调的部分在主句中做主语,可改为“he”。又如“She told my roommate that she was wrong.”分析:如果代词和其先行词之间关系不准确,那么句子含义就会含糊不清。该句中“She”指的是谁?谁错了?可改为“‘You are wrong.’She said to my roommate.”3)谓语动词时态、语态方面的错误。如“There was a great increase in people’s consumption in the past few years.”分析:in the past 一段时间用于现在完成时,表示过去的某个时间到现在这段时间内持续的状态,并且已经完成。又如“The dictionary mustn’t taken away from the library.”(→mustn’t be taken)分析:英语被动句中助动词be必不可少,这点尤其需要注意。4)虚拟语气的错误。如“The teacher recommend that I’d better practice speaking English constantly.”分析:如果主句中有表示要求、建议、命令、意愿的动词如request、demand advise、suggest、recommend、order urge、prefer等,则从句中的谓语动词一定要用(should) 动词原形的虚拟语气形式。5)语序错误。如“This new good big brown brick building is our library.”(→This good big new...)分析:这种涉及形容词词序的问题,可以使用固定模式“描绘性形容词→数量→大小→新旧→形状→颜色→来源→质地/材料→被修饰名词”。6)非谓语动词的用法错误。如“I heard her being praised then.”(错)“I heard her praised then.”(对)分析:当宾语是补足语的行为执行者时,强调动作已完成用不定式,强调动作正在进行用现在分词,若是承受者时,则用过去分词。 (2)句子成分缺少或多余。如“Millions of people smoking in China.”(謂语不全,改为“Millions of people smoke in China.”)。又如“So the best choice is keep silent.”(多个谓语)分析:两个行为动词或系动词和动词原形不能连在一起,该句在“is”和“keep silent”之间加上“to”才符合语法规则。
(3)词义和语义方面用法错误。该项主要表现在词义、语义重复,或句子意义不全、不完整。如“In my opinion, I think college life is the most precious time in my life.”分析:“in my opinion”与“I think”都表示看法、观点,意思重复,应删除一个。又如“The climate of Nanjing is warmer than Shenyang.”分析:这句话是拿南京的气候与沈阳的气候作比较,而不是拿南京的气候与沈阳相比较,than后面的that of 不能省略。
(4)主从句叠置。“There are a lot of students want to play computer games when class is over.”分析:There be句型里不能有两个谓语,“want to play computer games”应做“students”的定语,要么在“students”后加关系代词“who”引出后面的定语从句,要么把句子前面的“There are”去掉,不定冠词“a”变句首改为“A”。
(5)逗号连接错误。“I like chatting on line very much,I go to the net bar almost every weekend.”(错)“I like chatting on line very much that I go to the net bar almost every weekend.”(对)分析:英语通常不单独使用逗号来连接独立分句。如果单独用逗号连接独立分句,或者把两个或几个独立分句写在一起,就成了粘连句。
(6)句子前后不连贯。“I do not like to sing or dancing.”(错)“I do not like to sing or to dance.”(对)分析:sing和dance都是like的宾语,但前面用不定式,后面用动名词,就使句子的连贯性差。
(7)无依着修饰语。“Looking through the window, the sun came out.”分析:前面的分词短语looking through the window应该是某人发出的动作,但句中未提及动作的执行者,这样句意就很含糊,被称为无依着修饰语。正确的表述如下:“Looking through the window, the boy saw the sun come out.”“When the boy looked through the window, the sun came out.”
除以上列举的大学英语作文中的一些常见错误外,还有很多其他错误,如题目书写、表达习惯、标点符号及大小写错误等,而且不同类型的错误常常交织在一起。学生在写作中要了解英语语言的语法和句法,多查有关词性的用法、含义和语境,反复构思,多写多练多打磨,将阅读、听说训练与写作结合起来,进行针对性的训练,力争达到熟练应用、熟能生巧、烂熟于心的境界,从而提高英语写作能力与水平。
参考文献:
[1]张爱卿,高芳.大学英语写作高分突破[M].北京:航空工业出版社,1998.
[2]孙宇.大学英语写作教学中常见错误分析及对策[J].外语教学研究,2008(01).
Exploration of College English Writing
Errors and Countermeasures
Yang Xiuwen
(School of Foreign Languages, Shenyang Ligong University, Shenyang 110159, China)
Abstract: In the process of English writing, college students are prone to make a variety of writing errors due to the interference of their mother tongue, weak knowledge of morphology and grammar, and careless learning attitude. Taking the common errors in college students’ writing as an example, this paper analyzes the common problems in college English writing from the aspects of misuse of English vocabulary, confusion of sentence structure and non syntactic, and puts forward some methods to correct the errors, so as to improve college students’ English writing ability and level.
Key words: college English; English writing; common mistakes; analysis; writing level
关键词:大学英语;英语写作;常见错误;分析;写作水平
中图分类号:G642 文献标志码:A 文章编号:1008-3561(2021)20-0020-02
写作教学是大学英语教学的重要组成部分,英语写作反映了学生使用英语语言的技巧的熟练度。大学生在英语写作过程中,受母语干扰、词法和语法知识不牢固、学习态度不认真等因素的影响,容易忽略英语语言的词法、句法,甚至用母语进行直译,以致出现各种各样的写作错误。为提高学生的英语写作水平,笔者从学生作文中总结出词法和句法这两个层面的一些常见错误,并加以分析、纠正。
一、词汇的误用
(1)词性混用。“The man got his ideal job because of his confident.”分析:“confident”是形容词,介词“of”的宾语应是名词形式“confidence”。又如,形容词作谓语:It is a good habit if one can punctual.改为:It is a good habit if one can be punctual.
(2)同义选词错误。“There are more and more questions between doctors and patients.”分析:“question”指存在质疑需回答理由,而句中医患纠纷是客观亟待解决的问题,用“problems”比较恰当。
(3)单词拼写错误。“It is a big chanllenge for me to live alone far away from home.”分析:“chanllenge”一词拼写错误,正确的是“challenge”。对于音节较多的单词,学生拼写时容易落字母或加字母。
(4)单词搭配错误。“I am completely hooked by the idea of a camping holiday.”分析:“be hooked on”意为“被什么吸引”或“引起……的兴趣”,应该把by 改为 on。又如,replace和substitute均可用作動词,“X is replaced by Y.”和“Y is substituted for X.”均表达“以Y代替X”,但两句中应使用不同的介词。
(5)词义搭配混乱、混淆同义词和词组。“His wife tried to restrict him from drinking too much.”(错)“His wife tried to restrain him from drinking too much.”(对)分析:restrict与restrain是近义词,但具体用法和搭配不同。restrict常与 to连用,意思是“限制、约束”;而 restrain常与 from搭配,意思是“阻止、遏制”。
(6)同源形容词的选词错误。“She is a respectful professor and we are respectable to her.”(错)“She is a respectable professor and we are respectful to her.”(对)分析:respectable的含义是“体面的、可尊敬的;相当的”;respectful则是“有礼貌的、尊重(他)人的”。而respective是“各自的、分别的”,与“尊敬”毫无关系。
二、句法错误
(1)各种基础语法错误。1)主谓不一致,如“My family enjoys watching TV every day.”分析:family 形式上是单数,但意义上却表达复数概念,谓语动词也应选择复数形式。还要注意数量、距离、时间等名词做主语时,无论单复数,谓语动词一律用单数形式。2)代词不一致或指代不清,如“It was him who won the scholarship last term.”分析:“It is(was) 被强调的部分 that...”中,被强调的部分要和后面的主句保持人称和数的一致,上句中被强调的部分在主句中做主语,可改为“he”。又如“She told my roommate that she was wrong.”分析:如果代词和其先行词之间关系不准确,那么句子含义就会含糊不清。该句中“She”指的是谁?谁错了?可改为“‘You are wrong.’She said to my roommate.”3)谓语动词时态、语态方面的错误。如“There was a great increase in people’s consumption in the past few years.”分析:in the past 一段时间用于现在完成时,表示过去的某个时间到现在这段时间内持续的状态,并且已经完成。又如“The dictionary mustn’t taken away from the library.”(→mustn’t be taken)分析:英语被动句中助动词be必不可少,这点尤其需要注意。4)虚拟语气的错误。如“The teacher recommend that I’d better practice speaking English constantly.”分析:如果主句中有表示要求、建议、命令、意愿的动词如request、demand advise、suggest、recommend、order urge、prefer等,则从句中的谓语动词一定要用(should) 动词原形的虚拟语气形式。5)语序错误。如“This new good big brown brick building is our library.”(→This good big new...)分析:这种涉及形容词词序的问题,可以使用固定模式“描绘性形容词→数量→大小→新旧→形状→颜色→来源→质地/材料→被修饰名词”。6)非谓语动词的用法错误。如“I heard her being praised then.”(错)“I heard her praised then.”(对)分析:当宾语是补足语的行为执行者时,强调动作已完成用不定式,强调动作正在进行用现在分词,若是承受者时,则用过去分词。 (2)句子成分缺少或多余。如“Millions of people smoking in China.”(謂语不全,改为“Millions of people smoke in China.”)。又如“So the best choice is keep silent.”(多个谓语)分析:两个行为动词或系动词和动词原形不能连在一起,该句在“is”和“keep silent”之间加上“to”才符合语法规则。
(3)词义和语义方面用法错误。该项主要表现在词义、语义重复,或句子意义不全、不完整。如“In my opinion, I think college life is the most precious time in my life.”分析:“in my opinion”与“I think”都表示看法、观点,意思重复,应删除一个。又如“The climate of Nanjing is warmer than Shenyang.”分析:这句话是拿南京的气候与沈阳的气候作比较,而不是拿南京的气候与沈阳相比较,than后面的that of 不能省略。
(4)主从句叠置。“There are a lot of students want to play computer games when class is over.”分析:There be句型里不能有两个谓语,“want to play computer games”应做“students”的定语,要么在“students”后加关系代词“who”引出后面的定语从句,要么把句子前面的“There are”去掉,不定冠词“a”变句首改为“A”。
(5)逗号连接错误。“I like chatting on line very much,I go to the net bar almost every weekend.”(错)“I like chatting on line very much that I go to the net bar almost every weekend.”(对)分析:英语通常不单独使用逗号来连接独立分句。如果单独用逗号连接独立分句,或者把两个或几个独立分句写在一起,就成了粘连句。
(6)句子前后不连贯。“I do not like to sing or dancing.”(错)“I do not like to sing or to dance.”(对)分析:sing和dance都是like的宾语,但前面用不定式,后面用动名词,就使句子的连贯性差。
(7)无依着修饰语。“Looking through the window, the sun came out.”分析:前面的分词短语looking through the window应该是某人发出的动作,但句中未提及动作的执行者,这样句意就很含糊,被称为无依着修饰语。正确的表述如下:“Looking through the window, the boy saw the sun come out.”“When the boy looked through the window, the sun came out.”
除以上列举的大学英语作文中的一些常见错误外,还有很多其他错误,如题目书写、表达习惯、标点符号及大小写错误等,而且不同类型的错误常常交织在一起。学生在写作中要了解英语语言的语法和句法,多查有关词性的用法、含义和语境,反复构思,多写多练多打磨,将阅读、听说训练与写作结合起来,进行针对性的训练,力争达到熟练应用、熟能生巧、烂熟于心的境界,从而提高英语写作能力与水平。
参考文献:
[1]张爱卿,高芳.大学英语写作高分突破[M].北京:航空工业出版社,1998.
[2]孙宇.大学英语写作教学中常见错误分析及对策[J].外语教学研究,2008(01).
Exploration of College English Writing
Errors and Countermeasures
Yang Xiuwen
(School of Foreign Languages, Shenyang Ligong University, Shenyang 110159, China)
Abstract: In the process of English writing, college students are prone to make a variety of writing errors due to the interference of their mother tongue, weak knowledge of morphology and grammar, and careless learning attitude. Taking the common errors in college students’ writing as an example, this paper analyzes the common problems in college English writing from the aspects of misuse of English vocabulary, confusion of sentence structure and non syntactic, and puts forward some methods to correct the errors, so as to improve college students’ English writing ability and level.
Key words: college English; English writing; common mistakes; analysis; writing level