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马克思首先从哲学的高度将“生产”规定为人类全部活动的存在方式,对比于物质生产,马克思提出了“精神生产”的概念。“精神生产”作为人类一种特殊的认识活动,它揭示出作为类存在的人具有双重属性,即人同时承担生产和认识的主体角色。马克思“精神生产”的认识论意涵可追溯至现代西方哲学的标志——培根、笛卡尔的认识论中。培根以作为人造物的“归纳法”澄清了人在精神生产中使用的认识工具,从而使人在认识自然之时即成为双重意义上的生产者。笛卡尔对“观念”的分析则表明人在认识自然世界的过程中,生产出了某种“表象”观念。正是在培根和笛卡尔认识论的基础上,马克思着重于渲染人类精神生产认识活动的最终目的是实现人的自由的有意识的活动。
From the philosophical level, Marx first defined “production ” as the existence of all human activities, in contrast with the material production, Marx proposed the concept of “spiritual production ”. As a special cognition activity of mankind, “Spiritual Production ” reveals the double attribute of people as the existence of class, that is, the main role of man in both production and cognition. The epistemological implications of Marx’s “spiritual production” can be traced back to the hallmarks of modern Western philosophy - Bacon and Descartes’s epistemology. Bacon clarified the cognitive tools used by man in spiritual production as the “inductive method” of man-made things, thus making man become a double-meaning producer when he came to know nature. Descartes’s analysis of “idea ” shows that people in the process of understanding the natural world produced some kind of “appearance ” concept. It is on the basis of the epistemology of Bacon and Descartes that Marx’s ultimate goal of rendering human spiritual production awareness activities is to realize the conscious activities of human freedom.