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近代中国城市社区存在的庞大的贫民阶层迫使国家和社会开展救助活动。商人、士绅举办的救助活动成为民间福利事业的主体 ,基督教会举办的慈善救助和下层民众组织的互助亦是民间福利事业的重要形式 ,这些救助和互助活动致使在城市社区出现了一个公共领域。国家举办的救助活动反而居于次要地位。随着以公民权利和社会互助为组织基础和运作原则的现代型救助组织日益增加 ,互助型福利成为近代中国城市社区福利事业的本质特征。
The huge population of poor people in modern Chinese urban communities forced the state and society to carry out rescue activities. Rescue activities organized by businessmen and gentry have become the main body of civil welfare undertakings. The charity aid organized by the Christian Church and the mutual assistance of lower-level mass organizations are also important forms of non-governmental welfare undertakings. These relief and mutual aid activities have led to the emergence of a public sphere in urban communities. Instead, state-sponsored relief activities have a secondary place. With the increasing assistance of modern-type organizations based on the principle of civil rights and social solidarity, the mutual-aid benefits have become the essential features of the urban community welfare in modern China.