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确定化肥投入强度环境安全阈值对于农业可持续发展和环境保护具有重要的意义。根据大田作物氮磷钾1:0.5:0.5(质量比,下同)的养分要求,建立氮磷钾化肥施用环境安全阈值模型,对中国化肥施用强度和环境安全阈值的时空变化及施肥合理性进行研究。结果表明:1)1980年以来中国化肥施用量迅速提高,化肥施用强度则以每年平均增长4.1%的速度上升。氮磷钾肥料比例从1980年的1:0.3:0.05,增加到2014年的1:0.5:0.43,逐渐趋于发达国家1:0.50:0.50的水平。氮磷钾肥料投入分别在1988年、2000年、2009年超过了环境安全阈值,之后差距越来越大;2)青海、西藏、甘肃、四川、贵州、江西和黑龙江属于低强度施肥区,重庆等为中强度施肥区,新疆等为高强度施肥区,海南、河南、北京、天津为超高强度施肥区;3)中国60%以上省份的化肥施用环境安全阈值在中阈值区范围变化;4)2014年中国化肥施用强度是环境安全阈值1.2倍,施用强度最高的陕西省是安全阈值的3倍,但是仍有不少省份施肥不足;氮肥、磷肥施用过量比较严重,钾肥施用不足较为普遍。各省份应根据具体情况采取不同的施肥策略,正确处理粮食安全与环境保护的关系。
Determining the intensity of input intensity of chemical fertilizers Environmental safety thresholds are of great significance to the sustainable development of agriculture and environmental protection. According to nutrient requirements of NPK1: 0.5: 0.5 (mass ratio, the same below) in field crops, the environmental safety threshold model of NPK fertilizer was established, and the spatio-temporal changes of fertilization intensity and environmental safety threshold and fertilization rationality the study. The results show that: 1) Since 1980, China’s chemical fertilizer application rate increased rapidly, while the fertilizer application intensity increased at an average annual rate of 4.1%. The ratio of NPK fertilizers increased from 1: 0.3: 0.05 in 1980 to 1: 0.5: 0.43 in 2014, gradually approaching the level of 1: 0.50: 0.50 in developed countries. The input of NPK fertilizers exceeded the environmental safety threshold in 1988, 2000 and 2009, respectively, and the gap between them has been increasing. 2) Qinghai, Tibet, Gansu, Sichuan, Guizhou, Jiangxi and Heilongjiang belonged to the low-intensity fertilization area and Chongqing Such as high-intensity fertilization zone, Xinjiang, high-intensity fertilization area, Hainan, Henan, Beijing and Tianjin as super-high-intensity fertilization area; 3) environmental safety threshold of chemical fertilizer application in more than 60% ) In 2014, the intensity of chemical fertilizer application in China was 1.2 times of the environmental safety threshold and Shaanxi Province, which had the highest application intensity, was three times the safety threshold. However, there were still still insufficient fertilization in many provinces; excessive nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer application was more common and insufficient potassium fertilizer application was more common. All provinces should adopt different fertilization strategies according to specific conditions and properly handle the relationship between food security and environmental protection.