本文指出，新中国的文论建设与苏联文论的译介密切相关。然而，在半个世纪里，由于中苏两国在政治思想领域里，从“蜜月”走向分野和对立，新中国文论对苏联文论也从全面学习、全面接受走向全盘批判、全盘否定──先是批其“修正主义”，后又在一定程度上批其教条主义，走过了一条不平坦之路。其间的许多经验教训在今天值得思考和探讨。 This paper points out that the construction of literary theory in New China is closely related to the translation and interpretation of Soviet literary theory. However, in the past half century, due to the fact that both China and the Soviet Union moved from “honeymoon” to separation and opposition from the “honeymoon”, the new Chinese literary theory rejected the overall criticism of the Soviet literary theory from overall study to full criticism. ─ First criticizing its “revisionism,” and then approving it to a certain extent by dogmatism, has gone through an uneven path. Many lessons in the meantime deserve reflection and discussion today.