在现代社会,解决纠纷的方式灵活多样。一桩贸易纠纷可由双方当事人协商解决,也可商请第三人居中调解,还可提请仲裁机构仲裁或交由法院审判。笔者拟就对外贸易纠纷的仲裁或诉讼中的有关法律问题作一浅探。 一、对外贸易仲裁及诉讼的管辖 在当事人作出通过仲裁或诉讼解决纠纷的决定后,还面临这样一个问题:到底该向哪个国家的哪个仲裁机构或法院申请仲裁或诉讼?亦即由哪个国家的哪个仲裁机构或法院对该纠纷行使管辖权? (一)仲裁管辖 众所周知,仲裁机构并非国家机构,更不是审判机关,因此,任何仲裁机构对任何纠纷都不享有法定的管辖权。从各国仲裁法看,都实行“协议仲裁”制,即对于某一纠纷,只有双方当事人达成的仲裁协议所指定的仲裁机构才有权管辖;而且,该仲裁机构只能就协议所指定的事项进行仲裁,而不得对其他事项作出裁决。我国《仲裁法》第六条规定:“仲裁委员会应由当事人协议选定”,并明确“仲裁不实行级别管辖和地域管辖”。《联合国国际贸易法委员会仲裁规则》也规定,提交仲裁须以“双方当事人书面同意”为前提,《中国国际经济贸易仲裁委员会仲裁规则》则规定,仲裁委员会受理仲裁申请要以双方当事人达成的“将争议提交仲裁委员会仲裁的仲裁协议”为根据。可见,仲裁机构的管辖权来自于当事人 In modern society, the way to resolve disputes is flexible. A trade dispute can be settled through negotiation between the two parties, a third party may also be invited to mediate it, or the arbitration agency may submit the case to arbitration or refer it to the court for trial. I intend to arbitrate or foreign trade disputes in litigation on the legal issues to make a brief exploration. First, the jurisdiction of foreign trade arbitration and litigation After the parties to make a decision through arbitration or litigation to resolve disputes, but also faced with such a question: in what end which arbitration institution or court to apply for arbitration or litigation? That is which country Which arbitration institution or court exercises jurisdiction over the dispute? (1) Arbitration jurisdiction It is well known that an arbitration institution is not a state organ, nor is it a judicial organ. Therefore, any arbitration institution has no legal jurisdiction over any dispute. Judging from the arbitration laws of various countries, the “arbitration agreement” system is implemented. That is, for a dispute, only the arbitration institution designated by the arbitration agreement reached by both parties is entitled to jurisdiction; moreover, the arbitration organ can only deal with matters specified in the agreement Arbitration, and no other matters can be ruled. Article 6 of the Arbitration Law of the People’s Republic of China stipulates: “The Arbitration Commission shall be selected by the agreement of the parties,” and “arbitration shall not be implemented at a level or a territorial jurisdiction.” The UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules also stipulate that the submission of arbitration shall be premised on the “written consent of both parties”, and the “Rules of Arbitration of China International Economic and Trade Arbitration Commission” stipulate that the Arbitration Commission shall accept the “ Arbitration Agreement for Arbitration to Submit Arbitration to Arbitration Commission ”. Can be seen that the jurisdiction of the arbitration agency from the parties