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名词性从句根据它在句子中所起的作用，可分为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。同学们在学习和使用的过程中，因为认识不足和语言惯性，往往会陷入误区。
误区一：what与that的混淆
that在引导名词性从句时本身没有意义，也不充当句子成分,但当它引导的同位语从句、表语从句和主语从句放在句首时，that不能省略；that引导的宾语从句不能在介词后做宾语；what相当于all that或everything that，表示“什么”或“……的东西或事情”，在从句中充当主语、宾语或表语等。例如：
1. I lived in what you call “Ancient Greece” and I used to write about the Olympic Games a long time ago.
what在该句中引导宾语从句，并在从句中做宾语。
2. That a new teacher will come to teach us geography is true.
that在该句中引导主语从句，不做任何成分，不能省略。
3. After that, what happened to the Amber Room remains a mystery.
what在该句中引导主语从句，并在从句中作主语。
4. The question is that he doesn’t have enough money at present.
that在该句中引导表语从句，不做任何成分，不能省略。
5. This is what wildlife protection is all about.
what在该句中引导表语从句，并在从句中做宾语。
误区二：if 和whether的混淆
if和whether引导动词后面的宾语从句时一般可以通用，但介词后的宾语从句、主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句不能用if 引导。例如：
1. I didn’t know whether/if I could survive until morning.
whether在该句中引导宾语从句，可以用if代替。
2. It all depends on whether we can get their co-operation.
whether在该句中引导宾语从句，不能用if代替，因为它在介词on的后面。
3. His first question was whether Holmes had arrived yet.
whether在该句中引导表语从句，不能用if代替。
4. The question whether we ought to call in a specialist was answered by the family doctor.
whether在该句中引导同位语从句，不能用if代替。
5. It was uncertain whether he would come.
whether在该句中引导主语从句，不能用if代替。
误区三：that与why混淆
why引导的名词性从句或reason作主语时，表语从句的引导词用that而不用because。because也可以引导表语从句，常用于this/that is because ... 的句式中。例如：
1. The reason why these cars are so expensive is that they are largely built by hand.
that在该句中引导表语从句，不能用because代替，因为the reason在句中作主语。
2. Why farmland here is being lost is that farmers have cut down too many trees in recent years.
that在该句中引导表语从句，不能用because代替，因为why引导的名词性从句在句中做主语。
3. I think it’s because you’re doing too much.
because在该句中引导表语从句，陈述原因，不能用that代替。
误区四：who与whoever混淆
whoever引导名词性从句时，相当于anyone who 或those who，它既是从句的主语，又是主句的主语。而who只作从句的主语，它引导的从句才是主句的主语。
1. Whoever breaks the rule must be punished.
whoever既是主句也是从句的主语。
2. Who will be elected the president doesn’t make much difference to me.
who只做主语从句who will be elected the president的主语。
误区五：同位语从句与定语从句的混淆
同位语从句用来解释前面名词的内容，从句本身是一个非常完整的句子，所以前面的引导词在从句中不作任何成分。定语从句是对前面的名词加以限制和修饰，从句本身不完整，因此前面的关系词在从句中通常作主语、宾语或表语。例如：
1. The news that our team had won the game excited us.
该句中that引导的是同位语从句，是前面news的具体内容。that在从句中不作任何成分，不可省略。
2. The news that he told me yesterday is true.
该句中that引导的是定语从句，修饰前面的news, that在定语从句中作宾语，可以省略，也可以用which代替。
3. I made a promise that if anyone set me free I would make him very rich.
该句中that引导的是同位语从句，补充说明promise到底是一个什么样的诺言。that在从句中不做任何成分，不能省略。
4. The mother made a promise that pleased all her children.
该句中that引导的是定语从句，修饰前面的promise。that在从句中作主语，不能省略。
[【练习】]
1. The reason why she couldn’t have come to the meeting was_______she had not been invited.
A. because B. which
C. that D. why
2. — I rang you at about ten, but there was no reply.
— Oh, that was probably _______I was seeing the doctor.
A. when B. why
C. what D. that
3. _______ we will go camping tomorrow depends on the weather.
A. If B. Whether
C. That D. Where
4. The mountain is no longer_______it used to be.
A. which B. thatC. whatD. as
5. It was he said _______disappointed me most.
A. what, that B. that, that
C. what, what D. that, what
6._______ we can’t get often seems better than we have.
A. What, what B. What, that
C. That, that D. That, what
7. There is no doubt_______ he is fit for the job.
A. whether B. that
C. how D. why
8. What we are discussing now is_______(我们是否应该召来)the police to stop the fighting between two gangs of thieves. (send)
9. _______ (他是否出过国) doesn’t make any difference. (be; abroad)
10. Have you considered my suggestion _______(要给予学生) more time to themselves to study？(give)
11. The news_______（房价将要下跌）has caused many people to sell their houses at lower prices. (fall)
[【参考答案】]
1~7 CABCAAB
8. whether we should send for
9. Whether he has been abroad (or not)
10. that students (should) be given
11. that the house prices will fall
误区一：what与that的混淆
that在引导名词性从句时本身没有意义，也不充当句子成分,但当它引导的同位语从句、表语从句和主语从句放在句首时，that不能省略；that引导的宾语从句不能在介词后做宾语；what相当于all that或everything that，表示“什么”或“……的东西或事情”，在从句中充当主语、宾语或表语等。例如：
1. I lived in what you call “Ancient Greece” and I used to write about the Olympic Games a long time ago.
what在该句中引导宾语从句，并在从句中做宾语。
2. That a new teacher will come to teach us geography is true.
that在该句中引导主语从句，不做任何成分，不能省略。
3. After that, what happened to the Amber Room remains a mystery.
what在该句中引导主语从句，并在从句中作主语。
4. The question is that he doesn’t have enough money at present.
that在该句中引导表语从句，不做任何成分，不能省略。
5. This is what wildlife protection is all about.
what在该句中引导表语从句，并在从句中做宾语。
误区二：if 和whether的混淆
if和whether引导动词后面的宾语从句时一般可以通用，但介词后的宾语从句、主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句不能用if 引导。例如：
1. I didn’t know whether/if I could survive until morning.
whether在该句中引导宾语从句，可以用if代替。
2. It all depends on whether we can get their co-operation.
whether在该句中引导宾语从句，不能用if代替，因为它在介词on的后面。
3. His first question was whether Holmes had arrived yet.
whether在该句中引导表语从句，不能用if代替。
4. The question whether we ought to call in a specialist was answered by the family doctor.
whether在该句中引导同位语从句，不能用if代替。
5. It was uncertain whether he would come.
whether在该句中引导主语从句，不能用if代替。
误区三：that与why混淆
why引导的名词性从句或reason作主语时，表语从句的引导词用that而不用because。because也可以引导表语从句，常用于this/that is because ... 的句式中。例如：
1. The reason why these cars are so expensive is that they are largely built by hand.
that在该句中引导表语从句，不能用because代替，因为the reason在句中作主语。
2. Why farmland here is being lost is that farmers have cut down too many trees in recent years.
that在该句中引导表语从句，不能用because代替，因为why引导的名词性从句在句中做主语。
3. I think it’s because you’re doing too much.
because在该句中引导表语从句，陈述原因，不能用that代替。
误区四：who与whoever混淆
whoever引导名词性从句时，相当于anyone who 或those who，它既是从句的主语，又是主句的主语。而who只作从句的主语，它引导的从句才是主句的主语。
1. Whoever breaks the rule must be punished.
whoever既是主句也是从句的主语。
2. Who will be elected the president doesn’t make much difference to me.
who只做主语从句who will be elected the president的主语。
误区五：同位语从句与定语从句的混淆
同位语从句用来解释前面名词的内容，从句本身是一个非常完整的句子，所以前面的引导词在从句中不作任何成分。定语从句是对前面的名词加以限制和修饰，从句本身不完整，因此前面的关系词在从句中通常作主语、宾语或表语。例如：
1. The news that our team had won the game excited us.
该句中that引导的是同位语从句，是前面news的具体内容。that在从句中不作任何成分，不可省略。
2. The news that he told me yesterday is true.
该句中that引导的是定语从句，修饰前面的news, that在定语从句中作宾语，可以省略，也可以用which代替。
3. I made a promise that if anyone set me free I would make him very rich.
该句中that引导的是同位语从句，补充说明promise到底是一个什么样的诺言。that在从句中不做任何成分，不能省略。
4. The mother made a promise that pleased all her children.
该句中that引导的是定语从句，修饰前面的promise。that在从句中作主语，不能省略。
[【练习】]
1. The reason why she couldn’t have come to the meeting was_______she had not been invited.
A. because B. which
C. that D. why
2. — I rang you at about ten, but there was no reply.
— Oh, that was probably _______I was seeing the doctor.
A. when B. why
C. what D. that
3. _______ we will go camping tomorrow depends on the weather.
A. If B. Whether
C. That D. Where
4. The mountain is no longer_______it used to be.
A. which B. thatC. whatD. as
5. It was he said _______disappointed me most.
A. what, that B. that, that
C. what, what D. that, what
6._______ we can’t get often seems better than we have.
A. What, what B. What, that
C. That, that D. That, what
7. There is no doubt_______ he is fit for the job.
A. whether B. that
C. how D. why
8. What we are discussing now is_______(我们是否应该召来)the police to stop the fighting between two gangs of thieves. (send)
9. _______ (他是否出过国) doesn’t make any difference. (be; abroad)
10. Have you considered my suggestion _______(要给予学生) more time to themselves to study？(give)
11. The news_______（房价将要下跌）has caused many people to sell their houses at lower prices. (fall)
[【参考答案】]
1~7 CABCAAB
8. whether we should send for
9. Whether he has been abroad (or not)
10. that students (should) be given
11. that the house prices will fall