荷兰心理学家希尔特·霍夫斯坦德于1980年在《Cultural Consequences》一书中,提出了衡量不同民族、国家的文化价值观的四个标准,即个体主义、权力距离、男性度/女性度、不确定性规避(后来又补充了时间导向)。并将个体/集体主义视为区分不同民族文化的价值观基础。他认为,中国属典型的集体主义价值观主导的文化模式,并且这种集体主义价值观对中国人的心理与行为模式有着深刻的影响。已有的一些研究表明,在个体自尊水平、创造力、 In 1980, Dutch psychologist Hilter Hofstede put forward four criteria for measuring the cultural values ​​of different nations and nations in the book Cultural Consequences: individualism, power distance, male / female Degree, uncertainty avoidance (later supplemented by time-oriented). And treats individual / collectivism as the basis for differentiating the values ​​of different ethnic cultures. He believes that China is a typical cultural model dominated by values ​​of collectivism, and this collectivistic value has a profound impact on Chinese psychology and behavior patterns. Some studies have shown that at the level of individual self-esteem, creativity,