BACKGROUND:Erythropoiesis is regulated by a range of intrinsic and extrinsic factors,including different cytokines.Recently,the role of catecholamines has been highlighted in the development of erythroid cell lineages.OBJECTIVE:This study focuses on the biological links interconnecting erythroid development and the sympathetic nervous system.The emerging evidence that underscores the role of catecholamines in the regulation of erythropoietin and other erythropoiesis cytokines are thoroughly reviewed,in addition to elements such as iron and the leptin hormone that are involved in erythropoiesis.METHODS:Relevant English-language studies were identified and retrieved from the PubMed search engine (1981-2017) using the following keywords:"Erythropoiesis","Catecholamines","Nervous system",and "Cytokines."RESULTS:Chronic social stress alters and suppresses erythroid development.However,the physiological release of catecholamines is an additional stimulator of erythropoiesis in the setting of anemia.Therefore,the severity and timing of catecholamine secretion might distinctly regulate erythroid homeostasis.CONCLUSION:Understanding the relationship of catecholamines with different elements of the erythroid islands will be essential to find the tightly regulated production of red blood cells (RBCs) in both chronic and physiological catecholamine activation.