Objective To study the seroepidemiology of post-transfusion hepatitis C virus （HCV） infection prospectively from April 1993 to November 1994 in four medical schools in China, namely, Peking Union Medical College （PUMC）, Western China Medical University （WCMU）, Shanghai Medical University （SMU）, and Beijing Medical University （BMU）. Methods A screening test on anti-HCV was performed on the healthy donors of the four groups.Results Anti-HCV positive rate was found to be 14.9％ in " professional", 5.60％ in rural, and 0.42％ in urban volunteer donors. The positive rate of anti-HCV in blood recipients, followed up for more than 3 months after transfusion, was different among the four institutes, being 15.34％ （14/91） in PUMC, 24.59％ （15/61） in WCMU, 13.18％ （12/91） in SMU and 1.53％ （1/65） in BMU respectively. During the same period, the post-transfusion hepatitis B virus infection rate decreased as compared with that in the past. Conclusion The screening test on anti-HCV in blood donors does not appear to completely prevent post-transfusion HCV infection.