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本文从功能语法的角度,分析汉语连动式(serial-verb construction,包括传统的兼语句和连谓句)的句子融合现象。功能主义认为,语法规则并不是绝对的,语言是充满活力,处在不斷的变化之中的。美国语言学家Givon(2001)认为,当两个句子共享论元时,句子融合(clause integration)就开始出现。句子的融合是一种有尺度差异的现象,两个动词所代表的事件在语义上结合得越紧密,它们所代表的两个句子在句法上也融合得越徹底。Lehmann(1988)发现句子融合主要分两种情形,一是首动词的语法化(grammaticalization),另一是後续动词的去句子化(desententialization)。汉语的兼语句和连谓句分别属于这两种情形。本文也从Searle(1999)言语行为理论的角度,对语力在事件结合过程中的作用,作了一些调查。我们发现:(1)在融合程度不同的句子中,首动词和後续动词在一个辖域内相互影响,对该複合句不同分句语力的整合,起到很大的作用。(2)汉语连动式句子融合有三个階段,经由平行的两个单句,到複合句,最後变成一个单句。介词附加语的产生主要源于首动词的语法化,而与首动词的介词化相适应,後续动词则变成融合後句子的谓语。能愿助词和一般否定词处于介词附加语之前位。(3)这三个階段在融合程度上衹有尺度上的差异,没有明确的界限。
From the perspective of functional grammar, this article analyzes the sentence fusion of serial-verb construction (including traditional concurrent sentences and even predicate sentences). Functionalism holds that grammar rules are not absolute and that language is dynamic and constantly changing. American linguist Givon (2001) argues that when two sentences share an argument, clause integration begins to emerge. Sentence fusion is a phenomenon of scale difference. The two verbs are more semantically connected, and the two sentences they represent are more syntactically integrated. Lehmann (1988) found that sentence fusion mainly consists of two kinds of situations: one is the grammaticalization of the first verb and the other is the desententialization of the following verbs. Both Chinese and concurrent sentences belong to both cases. This paper also makes some investigations on the role of speech in the process of event integration from the perspective of speech act theory of Searle (1999). We find that: (1) In the sentences with different degree of fusion, the first and the following verbs influence each other in one jurisdiction, and play an important role in the integration of the different sentences in the compound sentence. (2) Chinese conjunctive sentence fusion has three stages, through two parallel single sentences, compound sentence, and finally into a single sentence. The production of the preposition adverbial mainly comes from the grammaticalization of the first verb, which is compatible with the prepositionalization of the first verb, and the subsequent verbs become the predicate of the merged sentence. Prepositions and general negatives precede prepositional adverbs. (3) The three stages in the degree of integration is only a standard difference, there is no clear boundary.