微软败诉,世人瞩目。实际上,微软碰到的麻烦并非什么新鲜事。这涉及一个全世界的经济学家苦苦探索了整整一个世纪却仍未找到满意答案的古老难题:社会要取规模效益,就得牺牲竞争效益;要取竞争效益,就得牺牲规模效益。这就是产业组织理论中著名的“马歇尔两 Microsoft lost the world attention. In fact, Microsoft's troubles are nothing new. This involves an ancient problem where economists all over the world have worked hard to find a satisfactory solution for a whole century but still can not find it. For society to take economies of scale, it is necessary to sacrifice the benefits of competition. To obtain competitive benefits, economies of scale must be sacrificed. This is the famous theory of industrial organization ”Marshall two