本文认为,在1511年,葡萄牙人面对着几个不同的华商群体。福建人(或至少是部分福建人)乐于同葡萄牙人合作,而其他的华商群体则从中退出,例如琉球人,他们发现自己处在一种暧昧不清的地位。葡萄牙人之所以与福建人合作,部分是因为双方都希望推动对中国的胡椒贸易,而这种合作在16世纪20年代初期中葡冲突后曾一度面临着严峻的考验。但是,双方都尽快地进行自我调整。在整个16世纪30年代至40年代早期,我们发现,个别的葡萄牙商人以私商的身份在福建地区、北大年及其他东南亚的胡椒港口进行贸易,并且经常是与福建人一起合作经营。胡椒贸易中只有一个失败者:琉球人。此外,与福建形成对比的是,广州在16世纪20年代亦遭受重大损失。很明显,主要的赢家是福建人和葡萄牙人。满剌加的沦陷事件和16世纪20年代早期的中葡冲突事件,削弱了广州的地位,却间接地使福建人受益。两起事件导致了两个迅速的反应和调整:第一个反应是将贸易活动转而集中到马来半岛的东海岸,进行“流线型”的胡椒运送;第二个反应是加强了葡萄牙人对福建的直接贸易,而且这种贸易往往是绕过广州来进行的。与此同时,福建人保持着同暹罗人的密切合作关系,并设法削弱琉球人贸易网络的势力。 This article argues that in 1511, the Portuguese faced several different groups of Chinese businessmen. Fujian people, or at least some of them in Fujian, are happy to work with the Portuguese, while other groups of Chinese businessmen quit, such as the Ryukyuans, who find themselves in an ambiguous position. The reason why the Portuguese cooperated with Fujian people was partly because both sides hoped to promote the trade of pepper to China, which once faced a severe test in the early 1920s after the Sino-Portuguese conflict. However, both sides are self-adjusting as soon as possible. Throughout the 1630s and early 1940s, we found that individual Portuguese traders, as private traders, traded in the Fujian area, Peking University, and other peppered ports in Southeast Asia, and often collaborated with Fujian people. There was only one loser in pepper trade: Ryukyu. In addition, in contrast to Fujian, Guangzhou suffered heavy losses in the 1620s. Obviously, the main winners are Fujian and Portugal. The fall of Manchuria and the clashes between China and Portugal in the early 1620s undermined Guangzhou’s status but benefited Fujian indirectly. Two incidents led to two rapid reactions and adjustments: the first was a shift in trade activity to the east coast of the Malay Peninsula for “streamlined” pepper deliveries; the second was to strengthen Portugal People’s direct trade with Fujian, and this trade is often bypassed Guangzhou. At the same time, people in Fujian maintain close cooperative relations with the Siam and seek to weaken the Ryukyu trade network.