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徽派村落是中国传统村落的典型代表,蕴含了丰富的地域文化和生态内涵,是中国古代人与自然和谐相处的典范,其研究与保护在生态学、地理学、建筑学和美学等领域具有重要的科学价值.本文以呈坎村为例,综合风水理论、心理场理论等,从生态学视角提出理想人居环境的理想生态系统模式,并引入三维景观指数,对徽派村落空间结构进行解析,定量分析村落理想生态系统各景观要素组合结构的生态功能体现.结果表明:呈坎村立体结构为“山-林-屋-水-林”的景观空间组合模式,形成了以人为中心、自然景观立体环绕的圈层结构,符合理想人居模式.传统基于投影距离的方法造成了景观指数偏差(如对面积与边长的低估).平均斑块面积三维指数比二维指数高6.7%;林地的面积比重三维指数比二维指数高1.0%,其他景观类型的面积比重均有所下降,其中建设用地和耕地等人工斑块的面积比重下降最多.面积与周长指标被低估,形状指标和多样性指标被高估,导致景观格局分析中自然斑块的优势度被低估、人工斑块的优势度被高估.三维景观指数表明,呈坎村落生态系统中各自然要素及组合体现出了较好的生态功能,关键要素和景观生态系统具有较高的稳定性、连接度和聚集性;定量印证了以呈坎为代表的徽派村落是理想的生态系统.
Huizhou village is a typical representative of traditional Chinese villages, contains rich regional culture and ecological connotation, and is an example of harmonious coexistence between the ancient people and nature in China. Its research and protection have the following characteristics in fields of ecology, geography, architecture and aesthetics Important scientific value.In this paper, taking Chengkan village as an example, this paper presents the ideal ecosystem model of ideal habitat environment from the perspective of ecology through the integrated geomancy theory and psychogenic field theory, and introduces the three-dimensional landscape index to carry out the spatial structure of the Hui village Analysis and quantitative analysis of the ecological function of the composite structure of the landscape elements in the village’s ideal ecosystem.The results show that: the three-dimensional structure of the village is “mountain-forest-housing-water-forest” landscape space combination mode, Center and natural landscape, which is in line with the ideal habitat pattern.The traditional method based on the projection distance caused the deviation of the landscape index (such as the underestimation of the area and the length of the edge) .The average three-dimensional index of the plaque area is higher than the two-dimensional index 6.7%. The three-dimensional index of the area of woodland was 1.0% higher than that of the two-dimensional index, and the area proportion of other landscape types all decreased. Among them, the construction land and cultivated land were artificial The area proportion and perimeter index are underestimated, while the shape index and diversity index are overestimated, leading to the underestimation of the dominance degree of the natural patches in the landscape pattern analysis and the dominance of the artificial patches being overestimated. The landscape index showed that all the natural elements and combinations in Chengkan village ecosystem showed good ecological functions, and the key elements and landscape ecosystems had high stability, connectivity and aggregation; The representative Huizhou village is the ideal ecosystem.