[目的]了解上海市家用水质处理器出水细菌污染状况及其影响因素。[方法]选取上海市320户居民,对其水质处理器出水细菌污染状况进行调查研究,并跟踪其季节变化。调查内容包括水质处理器的整机使用年限、部件构成、日常使用和维护情况等。检测指标包括菌落总数、大肠菌群、菌谱分析。分别采用秩和检验、χ2检验和logistic回归模型对数据进行分析。[结果]受调查家用水质处理器出水水质细菌污染现象比较普遍,且污染水平随季节波动,夏季细菌污染水平高于秋、冬季。同一季节中,夏、秋两季反渗透处理装置的细菌污染水平高于一般水质处理器,冬季两种水质处理器细菌污染水平差异无统计学意义。细菌总数≥20cfu/mL的水质处理器出水水样的菌谱分析结果显示,检出铜绿假单胞菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和蜡样芽孢杆菌等致病菌和条件致病菌。影响使用中水质处理器出水细菌污染状况的因素,主要有水质处理器是否配置紫外线处理单元、机器使用年限、滤芯使用时间和是否每天使用等。[结论]水质处理器产品质量,包括其组件设计、构成和使用说明的完善性,以及用户是否正确使用与维护是制约家用水质处理器卫生安全性的关键因素。应加强对产品质量的监管,普及家用水质处理器的正确使用和维护方法。 [Objective] To understand the status of bacterial contamination of domestic water from domestic water processor and its influencing factors. [Method] A total of 320 households in Shanghai were selected to investigate the bacterial contamination of effluent from its water quality processor and to track the seasonal variation. The survey includes the whole life of the water processor, components, routine use and maintenance. Test indicators include the total number of colonies, coliform bacteria, bacteria spectrum analysis. Data were analyzed using rank sum test, χ2 test and logistic regression model respectively. [Result] The bacterial contamination of effluent from the domestic water quality processor under investigation was relatively common, and the pollution level fluctuated with the seasons. The bacterial contamination level in summer was higher than that in autumn and winter. In the same season, the level of bacterial contamination in reverse osmosis treatment units in summer and autumn was higher than that of general water quality processors, and there was no significant difference in the level of bacterial contamination between the two water quality processors in winter. Bacterial spectrum analysis of effluent water samples with total bacterial count ≥ 20 cfu / mL showed that pathogenic bacteria and opportunistic pathogens such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus were detected. Affect the use of water quality processor effluent bacterial contamination factors, the main water processor is equipped with UV treatment unit, the machine life, filter use time and whether daily use. [Conclusion] The quality of water processor, including its component design, composition and use of instructions, as well as the correct use and maintenance of users are the key factors restricting the hygiene and safety of domestic water processor. We should strengthen the supervision of product quality and popularize the proper use and maintenance methods of domestic water quality processors.