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20世纪五六十年代,美国的空气和水体污染等环境问题日趋加重,60年代爆发了声势浩大的现代环保运动,并推动着联邦政府和国会加强环保立法。以此为背景,20世纪70年代在美国出现了一次环保立法高潮,包括《联邦水污染控制法》在内的许多实体性环保法案问世或修订。自1971年3月至1972年10月间,致力于保护公众健康的环保组织等各方力量与钢铁、石油与化工等业界代表围绕《联邦水污染控制法》的一些焦点问题展开辩论,一方要求强化水污染治理,另一方竭力维护自身利益,抵制实施严厉的水污染控制政策。最终通过的法案是包括国会和环保局在内的各方势力博弈与妥协的结果。从法案内容来看,环保力量占据了上风,由此也决定了该法的历史地位。该法最具创新之处是制定了以技术为基础的污染控制政策。纵观美国水污染治理历史,1972年的《联邦水污染控制法》是最重要的一部立法。
In the 1950s and 1960s, environmental problems such as air pollution and water pollution in the United States became more and more serious. In the 1960s, a massive modern environmental movement broke out and the federal government and Congress stepped up environmental legislation. Based on this background, there was a climax of environmental legislation in the United States in the 1970s. Many substantive environmental laws, including the Federal Water Pollution Control Law, came out or were revised. From March 1971 to October 1972, various forces such as environmental protection organizations devoted to protecting public health and other representatives from the steel, petroleum and chemical industries debated some key issues of the Federal Water Pollution Control Law. One party demanded Strengthen water pollution control, the other party to safeguard their own interests, to resist the implementation of stringent water pollution control policies. The bill finally passed is the result of the game and compromise of forces including the parliament and the EPA. From the bill’s point of view, environmental protection forces prevailed, which also determines the historical status of the law. The most innovative aspect of the law is the development of technology-based pollution control policies. Throughout the history of water pollution control in the United States, the 1972 Federal Water Pollution Control Act is the most important piece of legislation.