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高考书面表达新评分标准在语言的运用上对考生提出了更高的要求,强调语言准确性的基础上更加注重用词的得体性,表达方式的多样性以及语言的连贯性,因此,增强书面表达用词效果有效手段是提高书面表达高分策略的核心。
一般说来,书面表达应遵循“五步原则”:
第一步:用简单的单词造句。第二步:回答所给条件中简单的问题。第三步:连词成句。第四步:扩展句子。第五步:连句成段。具体来说,应该按下面程序动笔,将会有无心插柳柳成荫的效果。
1.写好开头、中间和结尾“三点式”。一篇好的书面表达,开头、中间、结尾是“点睛”之笔,因为这些要点既是重要内容,又能起到承上启下的作用,同样也能增强文章的可读性。细心归纳起来主要有:
①通知的开头和结尾
开头句:Attention please!Now I announce a notice…;
结尾句:Don’t forget the time and address; I’m sure you’ll have a lot of fun; I’m sure you’ll have a pleasant time; That’s all, thank you等。
②欢迎词的开头和结尾
开头句:You’re welcome to visit our…; Now let me introduce our…to you; Now let me tell you something about our…等。
结尾句:I’m sure you’ll have a pleasant journey; That’s all, thank you等。
③人物或单位介绍的开头和结尾
开头句:Now, I’d like to introduce something about our school/Li Hua to you.
结尾句:That’s all, thank you.
④写信的开头句和结尾句
开头句:I’m glad to write to you; Thank you for writing to me.
结尾句:Please give my best regards/love/wishes to your parents/sisters…;Remember me to your parents/sisters…;I hope to hear from you soon; I’m looking forward to hearing from you; Waiting for your early reply等。
⑤路径式书面表达的开头和结尾
开头句:Here is how you can get there easily.
结尾句:I’m sure you’ll have no trouble doing something/getting there.
⑥议论文的开头和结尾句
开头句:The opinion is divided into two parts.
结尾句:In my opinion/From my point of view, I think…
2.合理使用连接、省略和替代手段
①连接手段。连接手段是实现书面表达语言连贯性最有用的方法,合理使用连接手段可使整篇文章结构紧凑、前后连贯、增强逻辑,进而彰显表达的效果。如:
I like reading. My brother likes to watch TV.(一般句子)
I like reading while my brother likes to watch TV.(运用连接词while使前后对比分明,效果明显增强)
Alice succeeded in passing the entrance examination to university. Her parents felt very happy.(一般句子)
How happy her parents felt after Alice succeeded in passing the entrance examination to university!(运用从属连词after将两个句子有效连接起来了,并且运用了感叹句更能显示出父母的高兴劲儿)
常见的用于连接句子的过渡词有:
②省略手段。省略就是将句子中重复或不必要的词语省略,避免写作中的冗言现象,使语言更加简单、简洁明了,增强文章的规范性,使考生“长话短说”。例如:run as fast as (you can run) possible. When(you are) in Rome, do as Romans do.
③替代手段。一般说来,替代手段主要用于名词性替代、动词性替代和分句性替代。
名词性替代是指用替代词it, one, that等替代上文出现的名词或名词词组。如:I need an English-Chinese dictionary but I can’t afford to buy one.(one替代an English-Chinese dictionary这个名词词组)
动词性替代就是用替代词do来替代动词或动词词组。如:Tom didn’t work hard, but John did.(did替代动词词组worked hard)
分句性替代就是用替代词not, so代替主从复合句中的名词性从句或用表示否定意义的neither, nor替代前面的整个句子。如:
They all think that Blake and Johnson will come, but I think not.(I don’t think so)
If you don’t see the film, neither will I.(neither相当于I won’t see the film either.)
3.适当运用高级词汇、句型和语法知识
众所周知,从2000年起,高考书面表达的写作要求有了明显的提高,不再把“要点全、语法正、语言顺”作为最高标准,而是根据新课标的标准,规定考生应尽可能使用较高级的词汇、语法和不同的表达形式,因此平时训练中,高级词汇、句型和语法知识是不可忽视的内容。这样有利于提高文章的表达档次,拿得高分就理所当然了。如分词作状语、分词作定语、强调句、名词性从句、定语从句、感叹句和with的符合结构等都能提高文章的品位。
如2009浙江卷(注意欣赏划线部分)
One possible version:
Student Volunteers Brought Sunshine to the Elderly
On May Day, Li Yue and Zhang Hua, students from Class Three, Grade Two, went to Sunshine Nursing Home and did some voluntary work. Upon their arrival, Li Yue and Zhang Hua were warmly welcomed, and respectfully, they presented the elderly with flowers and fruits. Then, they started working at once, cleaning the windows and sweeping the floor. Everything done, they sat in the yard chatting with the elderly people.
When it was time for the volunteers to leave, the elderly people thanked them for their kindness. They said it was such a beautiful day that they would remember it forever.
Li Yue and Zhang Hua were very happy. What they did has brought joy to others and enriched their own lives.
By Chen Jie, School Newspaper
“吟安一个字,捻断数茎须”是形容中国古代诗人在遣词造句上的慎重。因此我们在写书面表达时也应注重用词的准确性、选词的独到性和遣词的生动性。发挥自己的聪明才智,运用平时训练的过程,写出逻辑结构合理,语言地道规范,句式比较正确,思想观点明确的文章并非很难。“养兵千日,用兵一时”,模板的训练在平时,运用在考场,将会对考生提高书面表达能力有着不可替代的作用,相信考生在高考战场上会运筹帷幄,旗开得胜。
一般说来,书面表达应遵循“五步原则”:
第一步:用简单的单词造句。第二步:回答所给条件中简单的问题。第三步:连词成句。第四步:扩展句子。第五步:连句成段。具体来说,应该按下面程序动笔,将会有无心插柳柳成荫的效果。
1.写好开头、中间和结尾“三点式”。一篇好的书面表达,开头、中间、结尾是“点睛”之笔,因为这些要点既是重要内容,又能起到承上启下的作用,同样也能增强文章的可读性。细心归纳起来主要有:
①通知的开头和结尾
开头句:Attention please!Now I announce a notice…;
结尾句:Don’t forget the time and address; I’m sure you’ll have a lot of fun; I’m sure you’ll have a pleasant time; That’s all, thank you等。
②欢迎词的开头和结尾
开头句:You’re welcome to visit our…; Now let me introduce our…to you; Now let me tell you something about our…等。
结尾句:I’m sure you’ll have a pleasant journey; That’s all, thank you等。
③人物或单位介绍的开头和结尾
开头句:Now, I’d like to introduce something about our school/Li Hua to you.
结尾句:That’s all, thank you.
④写信的开头句和结尾句
开头句:I’m glad to write to you; Thank you for writing to me.
结尾句:Please give my best regards/love/wishes to your parents/sisters…;Remember me to your parents/sisters…;I hope to hear from you soon; I’m looking forward to hearing from you; Waiting for your early reply等。
⑤路径式书面表达的开头和结尾
开头句:Here is how you can get there easily.
结尾句:I’m sure you’ll have no trouble doing something/getting there.
⑥议论文的开头和结尾句
开头句:The opinion is divided into two parts.
结尾句:In my opinion/From my point of view, I think…
2.合理使用连接、省略和替代手段
①连接手段。连接手段是实现书面表达语言连贯性最有用的方法,合理使用连接手段可使整篇文章结构紧凑、前后连贯、增强逻辑,进而彰显表达的效果。如:
I like reading. My brother likes to watch TV.(一般句子)
I like reading while my brother likes to watch TV.(运用连接词while使前后对比分明,效果明显增强)
Alice succeeded in passing the entrance examination to university. Her parents felt very happy.(一般句子)
How happy her parents felt after Alice succeeded in passing the entrance examination to university!(运用从属连词after将两个句子有效连接起来了,并且运用了感叹句更能显示出父母的高兴劲儿)
常见的用于连接句子的过渡词有:
②省略手段。省略就是将句子中重复或不必要的词语省略,避免写作中的冗言现象,使语言更加简单、简洁明了,增强文章的规范性,使考生“长话短说”。例如:run as fast as (you can run) possible. When(you are) in Rome, do as Romans do.
③替代手段。一般说来,替代手段主要用于名词性替代、动词性替代和分句性替代。
名词性替代是指用替代词it, one, that等替代上文出现的名词或名词词组。如:I need an English-Chinese dictionary but I can’t afford to buy one.(one替代an English-Chinese dictionary这个名词词组)
动词性替代就是用替代词do来替代动词或动词词组。如:Tom didn’t work hard, but John did.(did替代动词词组worked hard)
分句性替代就是用替代词not, so代替主从复合句中的名词性从句或用表示否定意义的neither, nor替代前面的整个句子。如:
They all think that Blake and Johnson will come, but I think not.(I don’t think so)
If you don’t see the film, neither will I.(neither相当于I won’t see the film either.)
3.适当运用高级词汇、句型和语法知识
众所周知,从2000年起,高考书面表达的写作要求有了明显的提高,不再把“要点全、语法正、语言顺”作为最高标准,而是根据新课标的标准,规定考生应尽可能使用较高级的词汇、语法和不同的表达形式,因此平时训练中,高级词汇、句型和语法知识是不可忽视的内容。这样有利于提高文章的表达档次,拿得高分就理所当然了。如分词作状语、分词作定语、强调句、名词性从句、定语从句、感叹句和with的符合结构等都能提高文章的品位。
如2009浙江卷(注意欣赏划线部分)
One possible version:
Student Volunteers Brought Sunshine to the Elderly
On May Day, Li Yue and Zhang Hua, students from Class Three, Grade Two, went to Sunshine Nursing Home and did some voluntary work. Upon their arrival, Li Yue and Zhang Hua were warmly welcomed, and respectfully, they presented the elderly with flowers and fruits. Then, they started working at once, cleaning the windows and sweeping the floor. Everything done, they sat in the yard chatting with the elderly people.
When it was time for the volunteers to leave, the elderly people thanked them for their kindness. They said it was such a beautiful day that they would remember it forever.
Li Yue and Zhang Hua were very happy. What they did has brought joy to others and enriched their own lives.
By Chen Jie, School Newspaper
“吟安一个字,捻断数茎须”是形容中国古代诗人在遣词造句上的慎重。因此我们在写书面表达时也应注重用词的准确性、选词的独到性和遣词的生动性。发挥自己的聪明才智,运用平时训练的过程,写出逻辑结构合理,语言地道规范,句式比较正确,思想观点明确的文章并非很难。“养兵千日,用兵一时”,模板的训练在平时,运用在考场,将会对考生提高书面表达能力有着不可替代的作用,相信考生在高考战场上会运筹帷幄,旗开得胜。