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科学地认识某一时代的社会基本特征是史学研究的根本任务。八十年代以来,明史研究取得了重大进展,对明代社会的认识不断深化。但是对这个历史时期封建制的基本特征及社会性质的论断仍然存在着原则的分歧,大体可以分为三种观点。第一种观点认为,不存在土地私有制,土地和人民归皇帝所有,封建主义牢固地统治着整个社会,资本主义没有萌芽。第二种观点认为,封建地主土地所有制是封建土地所有制的基本形态, 封建地主经济是封建经济的基本形态,封建主义既顽强地统治着社会,在其内部又滋生了资本主义萌芽。第三种观点认为,十六世纪的中国,经济结构、权力结构、政治斗争、阶级斗争以及思想意识都因资本主义萌芽而发生巨大变化,封建经济结构已处于解体状态,社会已进入资本原始积累时期,资本主义时代已经开始。
Scientifically understanding the social basic features of a certain era is the fundamental task of historiography. Since the 1980s, significant progress has been made in the study of Ming Dynasty and the understanding of the society in Ming Dynasty has been deepened. However, there are still differences of principle on the basic characteristics of the feudal system in this historical period and on the nature of society, which can be roughly divided into three kinds of views. The first view is that there is no private ownership of land, land and people owned by the emperor, feudalism firmly ruled the entire society, there is no capitalism sprout. The second view is that the land ownership of feudal landlords is the basic form of the ownership of feudal land. The feudal landlord economy is the basic form of feudal economy. Feudalism not only tenaciously ruled the society, but also sprouted the seeds of capitalism. The third view is that in the 16th century China, the economic structure, power structure, political struggle, class struggle and ideology both underwent tremendous changes due to the buds of capitalism. The feudal economic structure was already in a state of disintegration and society had entered the primitive accumulation of capital Period, the era of capitalism has begun.