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Background: During 2010, 5 outbreaks of Mumps reported in Henan province, China, of which, 4 occurred in primary school.In April 2011, an outbreak of mumps was reported in a primary school in Zhengzhou city, Henan, China.We investigated this outbreak to identify the risk factors for transmission and recommend prevent and control measures.Methods: We defined probable case as non-suppurative parotid swelling or ache plus ≥ 1of the following: Fever, headache, fatigue or anorexia in any people of this school since March 1,2011 and confirmed case as probable case plus Mumps-IgM (+).We enrolled all 14 cases and 27 control-students with mumps-IgM(-) and compare their case-contact, personal hygiene and vaccine history.Results: We identified 14 cases (Attack rate, [AR]=1.1%) including 5 probable and 9 confirmed mumps cases in this school with onset from March 13 to April 20, 2011.The index-case occurred in March 13 and stay in school for 2 days before isolation on March 15 in township hospital and the second case occurred in March 20 and isolated immediately.71% of cases and 67% of controls has mumps vaccination history (odds ratio, [OR]=1.3; 95% confidence interval [CI]=0.25-2.4).79% of cases and 19% of controls had play together with the index-case (OR=22; 95% CI: 3.7-153) and good personal hand-washing practice was protective factor (Chi-square trend Testing, P=0.002).After logistic regression analysis adjusted, contact with index case and infrequently hand washing were still independently associated.Conclusions: This mumps outbreak was caused by delayed isolation of mumps cases and vaccine failure.We suggested evaluate the effectiveness of mumps vaccine program, and early identification of cases in and isolation from school need to be continuing strengthen.