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垄断,即相对于自由竞争而言的独占,并非资本主义社会始有的经济现象,前资本主义社会亦不罕见。 宋代(960—1279)是中国封建社会商品经济比较发达的历史时期,国内市场发育水平空前提高,商业非常繁荣,但市场垄断问题却很突出。北宋中期政府推行“市易法”的初衷,就是试图解决大中城市已很严重的市场垄断问题。而“市易法”所涉及的只是很有限的一部分,实际情况要复杂得多。
Monopoly, that is, monopoly over free competition, is not an economic phenomenon originally found in capitalist society. Pre-capitalist society is not uncommon. The Song Dynasty (960-1279) was a historical period in which the commodity economy of the feudal society was relatively developed in China. The development level of the domestic market was unprecedentedly improved and the business was very prosperous. However, the problem of market monopoly was prominent. The original intention of the government in the Northern Song Dynasty to implement the “Chang Yi Fa” was to try to solve the problem of market monopolies that were already serious in large and medium-sized cities. The “City Yi Fa” involves only a very limited part, and the actual situation is much more complicated.