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There is very little evidence on the value of giving estrogen in cases of seawater drowning which can induce acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome (ALI/ARDS).Therefore, this study aimed to investigate whether 17β-estradiol (E2) treatment can attenuate seawater aspiration-induced ALI in rats.ALI was induced by endotracheal instillation of seawater (4ml/kg).Then the rats received intraperitoneal injection of E2 (5 mg/kg) 20 min later after seawater instillation.