Publication of scientific papers is required to make the experiments possible to confirm the reproducibility of the results.The availability of microbial strains from culture collections is an essential infrastructure to achieve this purpose.International Code of Nomenclature of Bacteria,the taxonomic type of species and subspecies must be living cultures deposited in public culture collections.The information to the authors of International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microorganisms(IJSEM)notices as follows:"The nomenclatural type of the taxon must be designated.For species and subspecies,the type strain should be described by itself and designated by the authors strain number as well as by the strain numbers under which it is held by at least TWO culture collections in TWO different countries from which the strain is available." The IJSEM Editorial Office requires the authors to attaeh the certificate of availability of the type strain issued by culture collections.The multiple deposit works not only for back-up to avoid the loss of the type strains but also for the international availability of them.This system is establishing rigid infrastructure for the prokaryote taxonomy.However,it is facing to important issues to be solved.(1)The certificate guarantees the identity of the strain to that the depositor intends to deposit.The culture collection must determine the 16S rRNA gene sequence to confirm it comparing with the sequence determined by the depositor.If the deposited type strain does not show the characteristics same as the description of the paper,the species may lose the status.Coincidence of the 16S rRNA gene sequence is one of the minimum requirements for the certification.The number of deposits with incorrect cultures is higher than that we imagine and accounted for 5%of the deposit in a culture collection.Now the culture collection is requested to provide higher quality of materials and information in the genomic era.(2)The other issue is for the accessibility of the type strain in compliance with the national laws and regulations under the Convention on Biological Diversity(CBD)and the Nagoya Protocol(NP).CBD mentions that states have the sovereign right to the biological resources originated from the country.Cross-border transfer of biological samples is to be done under the laws of the providers country.A culture collection must check the authenticity of the deposit when it receives the culture including the terms and condition for distribution permitted by the national authority of the original country.The culture collection network will be much more important for wide availability of the type strains at global level.It is necessary to establish up-dated infrastructure for the prokaryote taxonomy in cooperation with culture collections.