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Parainfluenza virus 5 (PIV5),a paramyxovirus,is thought to be a contributing factor to kennel cough and is not associated with any illness in humans.Several characteristics of PIV5 make it an attractive vaccine vector.First,kennel cough vaccines containing live PIV5 have been used in dogs for over 30 years.Humans are exposed to the virus likely due to close contact with dogs.In our studies,we have found that～30 ％of humans have neutralizing antibodies against PIV5;however,no recorded illness has been attributed to the virus.