Toxicological testing in the current regulatory environment is steeped in a history of using animals to answer questions about the safety of products to which humans are exposed.That history forms the
Estrogen receptor belongs to Type Ⅰ nuclear receptors which are largely located in the cytosol of cells in complex with heat shock proteins in the absence of hormones.
Safety assessment of drugs and environmental chemicals relies extensively on animal testing.However, the quantity of chemicals needing assessment and challenges of species extrapolation drive the deve
For over twenty-five years, non-animal testing (NAT) strategy has been routinely used as a reliable and the only approach for safety assessment by many cosmetic companies in the US and much of industr
Historically, studies using laboratory animals such as the in vivo bone marrow MN assay and the in vivo unscheduled DNA synthesis (UDS) assay were used to further evaluate the genotoxic potential of c
For the assessment of eye irritation, no single in vitro test could completely replace the rabbit Draize test in the foreseeable future.Thus, many scholars recommend combineding some alternative metho
目的 美国EPA、NIEHS和FDA多部门联合协作运行的Tox21项目，其第三阶段的工作明确提出未来5-10年的研究方向，包括采用人源性细胞及低等生物(如线虫、斑马鱼)实验模型，以及高内涵、高通量的转录组学平台技术来评价化学品的潜在毒性等。可见，发展可替代哺乳动物毒性检测和人类健康风险评价的体外实验和非啮齿类动物模型的高通量试验方法和技术，构建更为高效的毒性预筛选技术已刻不容缓。
AOPs provide an understanding of how chemicals induce adverse effects in biological systems through their toxicity pathways and modes of action.Development of an AOP for the weakly genotoxic PO induci
致畸、致突、致癌是目前全世界共同面临的重大公共卫生问题.这些问题主要来自环境中的化学污染物.目前,世界上已知的化学品有700万种之多,并且每年以超过1000种的速度增长,人类日常接触的化学品就有近6万种.然而,由于检测方法的滞后,大部分化学品未经过毒性检测,因此建立快速、准确评价化学品毒性的方法,已成为亟待解决的问题.
Metabolomics is a recently developed approach for detecting dynamic variations in small molecules and assessing functional changes in different biochemical pathways due to chemicalsexposure and diseas