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Transdifferentiation and stem cell fusion with host cells are thought to be the two primary mechanisms of stem cell protection against neuronal injury after ischemic insults.We recently showed that a third novel mechanism of protection through extracellular signaling by the transplanted stem cells might also play a significant role (Jomura et al.,Stem Cells 25:98-106,2007).Transplantation of rat umbilical cord matrix (RUMC) stem cells in one hemisphere before circulatory-arrest-induced global ischemia can greatly reduce hippocampal CA1 neuronal loss in both hemispheres.In this study,we investigated whether this protection is mediated by the stem cells modulation of the inflammation response after global ischemia.