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学术界对于西夏有无天葬一直存有争议。我们对于俄国艾尔米塔什博物馆所藏黑水城出土唐卡X—2368的研究表明,西夏时期确实存在着严格意义上的天葬风俗。从裹尸包、桑烟炉、全裸尸体、人头骷髅、飞禽、颈部系带的犬科动物等处可知,X—2368边侧所绘的“八个坟场的情景”反映的无疑是某种集体性天葬仪式。这种天葬与古印度“尸陀林”中置野葬形式天葬以及藏地仅有禽类参与的“鸟葬”形式天葬不同,而与中西亚的祆教天葬形式更为接近。从双臂单身神乐金刚像、亚型须弥座、唇口鼓腹圈足瓶、直口圈足碗、直壁直口钵盘、人物幞脚等造型可知,X—2368非常接近于宋辽时代同类器型的风格。考虑到出土地为黑水城地区,判断其当为西夏时期作品。这一结论如果成立,那么黑水城唐卡X—2368等无疑将是迄今为止最早、也是最直接反映西夏时期天葬风俗的图像资料。它们对于研究西夏时期黑水城地区的丧葬风俗和宗教仪轨具有十分重要的价值。
There is controversy in the academia about the cemetery in Xixia. Our research on the Thangka X-2368 unearthed at Heishui, a city hidden in the Hermitage Museum in Russia, shows that there is indeed a strictly burial custom in the Western Xia Dynasty. As can be seen from the corpse bag, soot stove, naked body, head skull, birds, necked canines and other places, X-2368 edge painted “Eight cemetery scene ” no doubt Is a kind of collective celestial burial ceremony. This celestial burial is different from the “burial” form of funeral burial in the middle of the ancient Indian “Cadaverine” and the funeral burial in the midst of ancient India and the only poultry involved in the Tibetan land, much closer to that of the Catholic burial in Central and Western Asia. X-2368 is very close to the similar era of the Song and Liao era, from the single arm of God music King Kong, sub-type Xu Mizuo, lip mouth belly circle bottle, straight circle foot bowls, straight wall straight bowl dish, Type of style. Taking into account the land for the Blackwater out of the area, to determine its work as the Western Xia Dynasty. If this conclusion is established, then the Thangka X-2368 in Blackwater City will undoubtedly be the earliest and most direct image information of the burial custom in the Xixia period. They are of great value to the study of funeral customs and religious rituals in the Heishui area during the Western Xia Dynasty.